Caribou (Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)) play a central role in the ecology and culture of much of Canada, where they were once the most abundant cervid. Most populations are currently declining, and some face extirpation. In southern Canada, caribou range has retreated considerably over the past century. The ultimate reason for their decline is habitat alterations by industrial activities. The proximate causes are predation and, to a lesser extent, overharvest. The most southerly populations of “Mountain” caribou are at imminent risk of extirpation. Mountain caribou are threatened by similar industrial activities as Boreal caribou, and face increasing harassment from motorized winter recreational activities. Most populations of “Migratory Tundra” caribou are currently declining. Although these caribou fluctuate in abundance over decades, changing harvest technologies, climate change, increasing industrial development and human presence in the North raise doubts over whether recent declines will be followed...

/pdf/conservation-of-caribou-rangifer-tarandus-in-canada-an-2g7yopxnaz.pdf

Conservation of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Canada: an uncertain future11This review is part of the virtual symposium “Flagship Species – Flagship Problems” that deals with ecology, biodiversity and management issues, and climate impacts on species at risk and of Canadian importance, including the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus).

“Polar Bears”（北极熊）

A thermo-erosion gully has been monitored in the valley of glacier C-79 on Bylot Island since 1999. The main channel of the gully reached 390 m in length a few months after its initiation and grew between 38 and 50 m/year over the following decade, for an overall approximated average of 75 m/year. In 2009, the total gully length and area, including the main and relict channels, were 2500 m and 25 000 m2, respectively. Gullies affect snow accumulation, and therefore ground temperature, local water flow, and drainage. Sinkholes, gully heads, pools, baydzherakhi, tunnels, and collapses were grouped as a function of time since gully formation in that area. Sinkholes and tunnels were formed every year after gully inception, and baydzherakhi were found in 3–10 year old sections of the gully. Stabilization of the gully floor and sides took about a decade.

Geomorphology of a thermo-erosion gully, Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada1,21This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue on the theme of Fundamental and applied research on permafrost in Canada.2Polar Continental Shelf Project Contribution 043-11.

We estimated population density of brown lemmings (Lemmus sibiricus (Kerr, 1792)), Greenland collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill, 1823)), and tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776)) on Herschel Island from 2007 to 2010 by mark–recapture on three live-trapping areas. Limited data were also available from Komakuk Beach on the north Yukon coast. In contrast to most previous studies, brown and collared lemmings were partly out of phase. Brown lemmings on Herschel reached peak density in 2007–2008 and were low in 2009–2010, while collared lemmings were at peak density in 2007–2008 and again in 2010. Large adult male body size was characteristic of peak populations. Brown lemmings increased dramatically in the peak summer of 2008 and collared lemmings increased rapidly when winter breeding under the snow was successful in 2009–2010. By contrast, at Komakuk Beach, we could see no clear signs of fluctuations in these three species. Winter snow conditions may be too severe for population ...

Fluctuations in lemming populations in north Yukon, Canada, 2007―2010

Permafrost zonation in Labrador–Ungava ranges from very isolated patches through to continuous permafrost. Here we present a new estimate of the distribution of permafrost at high resolution (250 m...

/pdf/modelling-the-spatial-distribution-of-permafrost-in-labrador-2t2ihg4gmw.pdf

Modelling the spatial distribution of permafrost in Labrador–Ungava using the temperature at the top of permafrost

It is now well documented that Arctic climates and ecosystems are changing at some of the fastest rates on planet Earth. These changes are significant for all Arctic biodiversity, and they are a great challenge for cooperative management boards of Canada's Arctic national parks, those legislated to maintain or improve the ecological integrity of all national parks. Owing to the inherent complexity of natural ecosystems, it is not at all clear how, nor how rapidly, these ongoing changes will affect park biodiversity and impact the traditional land-based lifestyles of Indigenous park cooperative management partners. In this context, this paper reviews and integrates recent research carried out in Canadian Arctic national parks: (1) geophysical – a reduction in glacial area and volume, active layer thickening, warming soil temperatures, and terrain instability; (2) vegetation – widespread but ecosystem-specific increases in NDVI ‘greenness’, plant biomass, shrub and herb coverage, and growing season lengths;...

/pdf/recent-climate-related-terrestrial-biodiversity-research-in-13xe98pmp6.pdf

Recent climate-related terrestrial biodiversity research in Canada's Arctic national parks: review, summary, and management implications

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Recent climate-related terrestrial biodiversity research in Canada's Arctic national parks: review, summary, and management implications