Objective Personality Inventories: Recent Research and Some Contemporary Issues

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interactions between personality and cognition and their implications for theories of aging. Current research on the development of personality and cognition during adulthood increasingly reflects a theoretical emphasis on contextual approaches. These approaches make the assumption that environmental contexts are important determinants of the development both of personality and of cognitive abilities. The processes underlying development are thus viewed as a lifelong series of mutually-causal interactions between the individual and the environment. These theoretical approaches emphasize the variability or plasticity of development, although the continuity of development is also well recognized. Adult characteristics are regarded not as the inevitable outcome of a developmental trajectory determined earlier in life, but are thought of rather as reflecting and shaping the environmental exchanges in which the individual engages in an attempt to maintain a sense of continuity throughout life.

13 Interactions Between Personality and Cognition and Their Implications for Theories of Aging

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12441&context=rtd

Educational and vocational choices of gifted individuals: guidance counseling and research for adolescents into adulthood

by SPENCER L. ROGERS San Diego Museum of Man, 1350 El Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego, Calif. 92101, U.S.A. 16 xii 75 As Shiloh most clearly illustrates, history's most massive and efficiently organized experiment in genocide has occurred within the memory of many of us still living and practicing the trade of anthropology; yet this sOcial, moral, and technological phenomenon has been given but the barest, if any, treatment by the authors of anthropological textbooks and collections of readings. His query \"Is anthropology a case study in culture blindness?\" causes us to glance at least momentarily at the issue presented in a measure of historical perspective. Anthropology had its origin in antiquarianism and the random reporting of remote peoples and their bizarre customs. As it took on the aspect of a science, mere treasure hunting and curiosity seeking became systematic recording with logically disciplined analysis. Eventually anthropology arrived, not as a unified science, but as a cluster of loosely interrelated, more or less scientific disciplines. What is the subject matter of anthropology today? Still antiquarianism-archaeology, historic and prehistoric. Still remote peoples (at least culturally)-ethnography of the aborigines from the Arctic to the Austral. To these have been added disciplinary splinters termed applied, urban, medical, psychiatric, and other anthropologies, all to a degree dealing with living peoples in the major world culture groups, but their subjects quite commonly being an insular segment within a major world society rather than the preponderant component of such a society. Nazi culture was not a whimsically strange subculture. It was a powerful, vital, and energetic social system, with massive support, economic, technological, and philosophic (within its own dimensions). It involved the political approval of one of the most cultured and technologically advanced populations of Europe. Under it, Germany realized national achievements, urban improvements, progressive social legislation, economic progress-and genocide. How can the scholars of our time and the future xplain this? Of all scientific disciplines, anthropology should be able to work toward the answers. Shiloh's question must be faced. Are we still antiquarians and pursuers of the remote, unique, and curious, or can we frankly, energetically, and scientifically deal with the evolution of our own culture? Is our science of man still the study of some kind of curious and exotic man outside the perimeters of the decisionmaking segment of Western culture?

On Gender Differences and Language

In order to ascertain whether or not child pedestrians voluntarily take risks, a street-crossing task in an urban environment with vehicle traffic was administered individually to 80 children aged 10 years using a pedestrian simulator. The task, which was presented as a contest, consisted of attaining two objectives in a limited time. The subjects were divided into three conditions that differed only in the number of constraints that had to be taken into account in order to win the contest. The data show that the degree of urgency felt, measured by the amount of time taken, increased as the number of constraints increased. At the same time, the frequency of two of the risky behaviors (not using the pedestrian crossing, running across the road) increased, whereas the frequency of observation failures was independent of the condition. Not using the pedestrian crossing and running across the road were therefore deliberately taken risks, whereas observation failures can be attributed to a control deficit. The discussion includes suggestions for training.

Do child pedestrians deliberately take risks when they are in a hurry? An experimental study on a simulator

N = 175 undergraduate students took Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor questionnaire (16PF) and Thurston’s Primary Mental Abilities test (PMA). Participants were divided into the following 3 groups on the basis of their PMA subtest scores: A “high verbal-low spatial” group (HiV-LoS), an“intermediate” group, and a “high spatial-low verbal” group (HiS-LoV). On the basis of previous work with HiV-LoS and HiS-LoV participants, several personality differences between the two groups were hypothesized. Analyses of variance were conducted with personality factor scores as dependent variables and sex and ability patterns as independent variables. Results indicated that at least for male participants, the HIS-LoV and HiV-LoS groups differed significantly on certain personality variables involving response to social stimuli.

Personality correlates of verbal and spatial ability

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Personality correlates of verbal and spatial ability