This topical review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the formation of surface nanostructures, an intriguing phenomenon in ion–surface interaction due to the impact of individual ions. In many solid targets, swift heavy ions produce narrow cylindrical tracks accompanied by the formation of a surface nanostructure. More recently, a similar nanometric surface effect has been revealed for the impact of individual, very slow but highly charged ions. While swift ions transfer their large kinetic energy to the target via ionization and electronic excitation processes (electronic stopping), slow highly charged ions produce surface structures due to potential energy deposited at the top surface layers. Despite the differences in primary excitation, the similarity between the nanostructures is striking and strongly points to a common mechanism related to the energy transfer from the electronic to the lattice system of the target. A comparison of surface structures induced by swift heavy ions and slow highly charged ions provides a valuable insight to better understand the formation mechanisms.

/pdf/single-ion-induced-surface-nanostructures-a-comparison-2aauzgck8t.pdf

Single ion induced surface nanostructures: a comparison between slow highly charged and swift heavy ions

Experimental charge exchange and energy loss data for the transmission of slow highly charged Xe ions through ultrathin polymeric carbon membranes are presented. Surprisingly, two distinct exit charge state distributions accompanied by charge exchange dependent energy losses are observed. The energy loss for ions exhibiting large charge loss shows a quadratic dependency on the incident charge state indicating that equilibrium stopping force values do not apply in this case. Additional angle resolved transmission measurements point on a significant contribution of elastic energy loss. The observations show that regimes of different impact parameters can be separated and thus a particle's energy deposition in an ultrathin solid target may not be described in terms of an averaged energy loss per unit length.

/pdf/charge-exchange-and-energy-loss-of-slow-highly-charged-ions-1f2r3edzla.pdf

Charge exchange and energy loss of slow highly charged ions in 1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes.

We describe the use of slow highly charged ions as a simple tool for the fabrication of nanopores with well-defined diameters typically between 10 and 20 nm in freestanding, 1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). When CNMs are exposed to a flux of highly charged ions, for example Xe40+, each individual ion creates a circular nanopore, the size of which depends on the kinetic and potential energy of the impinging ion. The controlled fabrication of nanopores with a uniform size opens a path for the application of CNM based filters in nanobiotechnology.

/pdf/fabrication-of-nanopores-in-1-nm-thick-carbon-nanomembranes-3cp4gb4ako.pdf

Fabrication of nanopores in 1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes with slow highly charged ions

Electron beam ion traps (EBIT) are ideal tools for both production and study of highly charged ions (HCI). In order to reduce their construction, maintenance, and operation costs we have developed a novel, compact, room-temperature design, the Heidelberg Compact EBIT (HC-EBIT). Four already commissioned devices operate at the strongest fields (up to 0.86 T) reported for such EBITs using permanent magnets, run electron beam currents up to 80 mA and energies up to 10 keV. They demonstrate HCI production, trapping, and extraction of pulsed Ar$^{16+}$ bunches and continuous 100 pA ion beams of highly charged Xe up to charge state 29+, already with a 4 mA, 2 keV electron beam. Moreover, HC-EBITs offer large solid-angle ports and thus high photon count rates, e. g., in x-ray spectroscopy of dielectronic recombination in HCIs up to Fe$^{24+}$, achieving an electron-energy resolving power of $E/\Delta E > 1500$ at 5 keV. Besides traditional on-axis electron guns, we have also implemented a novel off-axis gun for laser, synchrotron, and free-electron laser applications, offering clear optical access along the trap axis. We report on its first operation at a synchrotron radiation facility demonstrating resonant photoexcitation of highly charged oxygen.

The Heidelberg compact electron beam ion traps

Slow highly charged ions have been utilized recently for the creation of monotype surface nanostructures (craters, calderas, or hillocks) in different materials. In the present study, we report on the ability of slow highly charged xenon ions (${^{129}\mathrm{Xe}}^{Q+}$) to form three different types of nanostructures on the LiF(100) surface. By increasing the charge state from $\mathit{Q}=15$ to $\mathit{Q}=36$, the shape of the impact induced nanostructures changes from craters to hillocks crossing an intermediate stage of caldera structures. A dimensional analysis of the nanostructures reveals an increase of the height up to 1.5 nm as a function of the potential energy of the incident ions. Based on the evolution of both the geometry and size of the created nanostructures, defect-mediated desorption and the development of a thermal spike are utilized as creation mechanisms of the nanostructures at low and high charge states, respectively.

Tuning the Fabrication of Nanostructures by Low-Energy Highly Charged Ions.

We report the formation of nano-sized pits on poly(methyl methacrylate) after exposure to slow highly charged ion beams. The pits are formed on the polymer surface as a direct result of individual ion impacts. Intermittent contact mode atomic-force microscopy was employed to study the size evolution of the pits in dependence of potential and kinetic energies of the incident ions. A potential energy threshold value of approximately 7?keV was found for pit formation. Above this value an increase in potential energy results in an increasing pit volume, while the pit shape can be tuned by varying the kinetic energy.

https://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/_media/atomic/publications/ritter_epl12.pdf

Pit formation on poly(methyl methacrylate) due to ablation induced by individual slow highly charged ion impact

We present a systematic study on nano-crater formation due to impact of individual slow highly charged ions (Xe20+ − Xe50+) on thin polymethyl-metacrylate films, which have been spin-coated on a Si-wafer.

Nano-craters due to impact of individual highly charged ions on surfaces and thin films

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Pit formation on poly(methyl methacrylate) due to ablation induced by individual slow highly charged ion impact

Nano-craters due to impact of individual highly charged ions on surfaces and thin films