Synthetic routes to tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and spiroketal units of polyether antibiotics and a survey of spiroketals of other natural products

Males and females of nearly all animals differ in their body size, a phenomenon called sexual size dimorphism (SSD). The degree and direction of SSD vary considerably among taxa, including among populations within species. A considerable amount of this variation is due to sex differences in body size plasticity. We examine how variation in these sex differences is generated by exploring sex differences in plasticity in growth rate and development time and the physiological regulation of these differences (e.g., sex differences in regulation by the endocrine system). We explore adaptive hypotheses proposed to explain sex differences in plasticity, including those that predict that plasticity will be lowest for traits under strong selection (adaptive canalization) or greatest for traits under strong directional selection (condition dependence), but few studies have tested these hypotheses. Studies that combine proximate and ultimate mechanisms offer great promise for understanding variation in SSD and sex differences in body size plasticity in insects.

/pdf/sex-differences-in-phenotypic-plasticity-affect-variation-in-45cjtz86dd.pdf

Sex differences in phenotypic plasticity affect variation in sexual size dimorphism in insects: from physiology to evolution.

▪ Abstract Insects of the order Hymenoptera are biologically and economically important members of natural and agro ecosystems and exhibit diverse biologies, mating systems, and sex pheromones. We review what is known of their sex pheromone chemistry and function, paying particular emphasis to the Hymenoptera Aculeata (primarily ants, bees, and sphecid and vespid wasps), and provide a framework for the functional classification of their sex pheromones. Sex pheromones often comprise multicomponent blends derived from numerous exocrine tissues, including the cuticle. However, very few sex pheromones have been definitively characterized using bioassays, in part because of the behavioral sophistication of many Aculeata. The relative importance of species isolation versus sexual selection in shaping sex pheromone evolution is still unclear. Many species appear to discriminate among mates at the level of individual or kin/colony, and they use antiaphrodisiacs. Some orchids use hymenopteran sex pheromones to dup...

Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order hymenoptera

Nonanomeric spiroketals in natural products: structures, sources, and synthetic strategies.

Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the major pest of commercial olives worldwide. Various aspects of its biology, ecology, management, and impact on olive production are highlighted. With the discovery of insecticidal resistance in some populations frequently treated with organophosphates, old and new control options are being investigated. The potential of biological control is examined. Surveys suggest that a small group of braconids in the Opiinae subfamily best represent the primary parasitoids attacking olive fruit fly in its native range. These species include Psyttalia lounsburyi, P. dacicida, P. concolor, P. ponerophaga, and Utetes africanus. Bracon celer, another braconid but in the Braconinae subfamily, is also reared from the fruit fly in its native range. The potential of these and other natural enemies is discussed with respect to olive fruit fly biology, commercial olive production, and biological constraints that may limit their success. We suggest that numerous species exist that should be further investigated as control agents for olive fruit fly in the many climatic regimes where the pest is found.

Olive Fruit Fly: Managing an Ancient Pest in Modern Times

Alkyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]-decanes — A new class of pheromones

Methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes as Odors of Para-vespula vulgaris (L.)†

Die relative Konfiguration der Spiroacetale 2, 4–7 und 9–11 wird an Hand der Losungsmittelabhangigkeit der 1H-NMR-Spektren sowie von γ-Effekten in den 13C-NMR-Spektren zugeordnet, wobei (Z,E)-2,8-Dimethyl-l,7-dioxaspiro-[5.5]undecan (ZE-2) als Schlusselverbindung dient.



Determination of Relative Configurations of Spiroacetals by 1H- and 13C-NMR-Spectroscopy



The relative configuration of the spiroacetals 2, 4–7 and 9–11 is determined on the basis of solvent-depending shifts in 1H-NMR spectra and γ-effects in 13C-NMR spectra using (Z,E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro-[5.5]undecane (ZE-2) as a key-compound.

Bestimmung der relativen Konfiguration bei Spiroacetalen durch 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie

Spiroketals in the mandibular glands ofAndrena bees

Abstract The complex volatile secretion from the mandibular glands of Andrena haemorrhoa (Hym., Apoidea) has been analysed by GC/M S. It is composed primarily of three groups of compounds: 1. Spiroacetals of five different systems: two 1,6-dioxyspiro[4.4]nonanes, four 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5] decanes, two 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecanes, one 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.6]undecane and one 1,7-dioxa-spiro[5.6]dodecane. 2. Straight chain fatty acid derivatives: methyl ketones, primary and secondary alcohols, acetates and hydrocarbons. 3. Isoprenoids: geraniol and geranyl acetate. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns have been studied for several synthesized spiroacetals.

Pheromone Bouquet of the Mandibular Glands in Andrena haemorrhoa F. (Hym., Apoidea)

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