In twisted single-mode optical fibers the polarization of light is affected by an elastooptically induced optical activity and by a modification of any linear birefringence present. These effects are discussed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The activity/twist ratio is α/τ ≃ 0.13 … 0.16 universally in weakly guiding silica fibers. Twisted fibers may be used as polarization rotators. A fiber with a ±68° double twist operates as a fast/slow mode interchanger, suitable for delay equalization.

Polarization optics of twisted single-mode fibers

The current state of the art of optical fiber sensors is reviewed. The principles of operation are detailed and the various types of fiber sensors are outlined. Achievable performance and limitations are discussed and a description of technology used to fabricate the sensor is presented. The characteristics of acoustic, magnetic, gyro, laser diode, and other sensors are described. Trends in the development of this sensor technology and expected application areas are briefly outlined.

Optical fiber sensor technology

Optical Fiber Sensor Technology

Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications are reviewed. The classification of high-birefringent fibers and low-birefringent fibers and their fabrication methods and characteristics are discussed in Section II. Analytical methods and numerical methods for fiber design on the birefringence are presented in Section III. Degradation factors of polarization maintenance expressed as crosstalk or mode-coupling parameters caused by internal origins such as structural imperfections, wavelength, and nonlinear effects, and by external origins such as temperature fluctuations, mechanical perturbations, and electromagnetic effects, are discussed in Section IV. Characterization methods on beat length, mode coupling, stress distribution, and mechanical strength are presented in Section V. Applications to the fiber devices and nonlinear effects, and splicing methods for the polarization-maintaining fibers are described in Sections VI and VII.

Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications

The backscattered light amplitude is measured from one end of a fiber as a function of optical frequency by tuning a HeNe laser over its linewidth. Fourier transform by a low‐frequency electronic spectrum analyzer then reveals the spatial distribution of scattering and of the fiber losses.

Optical frequency domain reflectometry in single‐mode fiber

Single‐mode fibers which maintain linear polarization are described. The fibers are birefringent and linear polarization is maintained along either of the two principal axes. The birefringence arises from the deliberate enhancement of anisotropic strains.

Linear polarization in birefringent single‐mode fibers

Continuously tunable cw Raman oscillation has been achieved in the visible by pumping a single‐mode fused silica fiber with several lines from an argon ion laser. The 100‐m‐long fiber has a core diameter of 3.3 μm and a loss of 17 dB/km at 5145 A. Threshold was achieved with ∼1.0 W of pump power in the fiber. With 4 W of 5145‐A power coupled into the fiber, the Raman oscillator was prism tuned over 80 A. Typical linewidths were ∼2 A. At 5280 A, net input to output power conversion efficiencies of ∼9% and pump depletion of over 80% have been achieved. The simplicity, efficiency, and broadband tunability of fiber Raman oscillators both in the visible and in the near infrared make them potential rivals to other coherent sources of tunable radiation, such as dye lasers and parametric oscillators.

A high‐efficiency tunable cw Raman oscillator

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Linear polarization in birefringent single‐mode fibers

A high‐efficiency tunable cw Raman oscillator