The ability of chloride ions to penetrate concrete must be known for design as well as quality control purposes. This document reviews the current common methods for determining chloride penetrability of concrete. First, some theoretical background of what influences the penetration of chlorides into concrete is presented. The different mechanisms of chloride penetration are presented, followed by a further elaboration of the chloride diffusion theory. The influence of basic properties of concrete on its chloride penetrability is also discussed. Next, individual test procedures are presented. Discussed first are the existing long-term procedures, namely the salt ponding test (AASHTO T259) and the Nordtest bulk diffusion test (NTBuild 443). The existing short-term tests are then presented. For each test, the procedure, the theoretical basis, and any advantages and disadvantages are presented. Also included in this document as an appendix is a glossary of some of the common terms related to chloride ingress testing and measurement.

Testing the chloride penetration resistance of concrete: a literature review

Degradation processes in reinforced concrete structures that affect durability are partially controlled by transport of aggressive ions through the concrete microstructure Ions are charged and the ability of concrete to hold out against transfer of ions greatly relies on its electrical resistivity Hence, a connection could be expected between electrical resistivity of concrete and the deterioration processes such as increase in permeability and corrosion of embedded steel Through this paper, an extensive literature review has been done to address relationship between concrete electrical resistivity and its certain durability characteristics These durability characteristics include chloride diffusivity and corrosion of reinforcement as these have major influence on concrete degradation process Overall, there exists an inverse or direct proportional correlation between these parameters Evaluated results, from measuring the concrete electrical resistivity, can also be used as a great indicator to identify early age characteristics of fresh concrete and for evaluation of its properties, determination of moisture content, connectivity of the micropores, and even condition assessment of in-service structures This paper also reviews and assesses research concerning the influential parameters such as environmental conditions and presence of steel rebar and cracks on measuring electrical resistivity of concrete Moreover, concrete resistivity concept, application, and its various measurement techniques are introduced

/pdf/electrical-resistivity-of-concrete-for-durability-evaluation-21orf48b0q.pdf

Electrical Resistivity of Concrete for Durability Evaluation: A Review

XGBoost algorithm-based prediction of concrete electrical resistivity for structural health monitoring

https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02979786/document

Reinforced concrete structures: A review of corrosion mechanisms and advances in electrical methods for corrosion monitoring

Corrosion rate of carbon steel in carbonated concrete – A critical review

Practical evaluation of resistivity of concrete in test cylinders using a Wenner array probe

An investigation was conducted to establish a prognosis for carbonation-induced corrosion of steel in concrete in present and future Florida highway structures. A survey of 18 existing bridges built between 1939 and 1981 (ages 14 years < t < 56 years) revealed carbonation depths (x sub c) </= 50 mm with a median of about 10 mm. Carbonation coefficients [K sub c = (x sub c)(t to the -1/2 power)] ranged from 0 to 14 mm/y to the 1/2 power, with a median value of 1.4 mm/y to the 1/2 power. The highest values of K sub c were observed on the decks of inland bridges. The projected time to corrosion initiation for the combination worst 10-percentile K sub c values and lowest 10-percentile reinforcement cover was </= 66 years. Only a very small fraction of the present inventory of Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) bridges is expected to exhibit carbonation-induced corrosion over a 75-year service life. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the influence of mix design on the carbonation resistance of concretes to be used in new FDOT construction. The results indicate that the time for initiation of carbonation-induced corrosion may be shortened by about 60% when the fly ash cement replacement is increased from 20% to 50%. The initiation time may be shortened by about 35% when cement replacement is increased from 20% fly ash to 20% fly ash plus 8% silica fume.

Carbonation in concrete and effect on steel corrosion

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Practical evaluation of resistivity of concrete in test cylinders using a Wenner array probe

Carbonation in concrete and effect on steel corrosion