Flexible electronics hold great promise for wearable biomedical sensors. Here, the authors report a pressure sensor composed of gold nanowire-impregnated tissue paper, sandwiched between polydimethylsiloxane sheets, and demonstrate that the design is appropriate for large-area flexible electronics.

/pdf/a-wearable-and-highly-sensitive-pressure-sensor-with-2qjvcxrnk5.pdf

A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires

Considerable efforts have been made to achieve highly sensitive and wearable sensors that can simultaneously detect multiple stimuli such as stretch, pressure, temperature or touch. Here we develop highly stretchable multifunctional sensors that can detect strain (up to 50%), pressure (up to ∼1.2 MPa) and finger touch with high sensitivity, fast response time (∼40 ms) and good pressure mapping function. The reported sensors utilize the capacitive sensing mechanism, where silver nanowires are used as electrodes (conductors) and Ecoflex is used as a dielectric. The silver nanowire electrodes are screen printed. Our sensors have been demonstrated for several wearable applications including monitoring thumb movement, sensing the strain of the knee joint in patellar reflex (knee-jerk) and other human motions such as walking, running and jumping from squatting, illustrating the potential utilities of such sensors in robotic systems, prosthetics, healthcare and flexible touch panels.

Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires

The first stretchable energy-harvesting electronic-skin device capable of differentiating and generating energy from various mechanical stimuli, such as normal pressure, lateral strain, bending, and vibration, is presented. A pressure sensitivity of 0.7 kPa(-1) is achieved in the pressure region <1 kPa with power generation of tens of μW cm(-2) from a gentle finger touch.

Stretchable Energy-Harvesting Tactile Electronic Skin Capable of Differentiating Multiple Mechanical Stimuli Modes

A bio-inspired flexible pressure sensor is generated with high sensitivity (50.17 kPa(-1)), quick responding time (<20 ms), and durable stability (negligible loading-unloading signal changes over 10 000 cycles). Notably, the key resource of surface microstructures upon sensor substrates results from the direct molding of natural mimosa leaves, presenting a simple, environment-friendly and easy scale-up fabrication process for these flexible pressure sensors.

Mimosa-inspired design of a flexible pressure sensor with touch sensitivity

Mammalian-mimicking functional electrical devices have tremendous potential in robotics, wearable and health monitoring systems, and human interfaces. The keys to achieve these devices are (1) highly sensitive sensors, (2) economically fabricated macroscale devices on flexible substrates, and (3) multifunctions beyond mammalian functions. Although highly sensitive artificial electronic devices have been reported, none have been fabricated using cost-effective macroscale printing methods and demonstrate multifunctionalities of artificial electronics. Herein we report fully printed high-sensitivity multifunctional artificial electronic whiskers (e-whisker) integrated with strain and temperature sensors using printable nanocomposite inks. Importantly, changing the composition ratio tunes the sensitivity of strain. Additionally, the printed temperature sensor array can be incorporated with the strain sensor array beyond mammalian whisker functionalities. The sensitivity for the strain sensor is impressively high (∼59%/Pa), which is the best sensitivity reported to date (>7× improvement). As the proof-of-concept for a truly printable multifunctional artificial e-whisker array, two- and three-dimensional space and temperature distribution mapping are demonstrated. This fully printable flexible sensor array should be applicable to a wide range of low-cost macroscale electrical applications.

Fully Printed, Highly Sensitive Multifunctional Artificial Electronic Whisker Arrays Integrated with Strain and Temperature Sensors

We report on the fabrication and characterization of a highly sensitive pressure sensor using a Au film patterned on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The strain-induced change in the film resistance was utilized to perform the quantitative measurement of absolute pressure. The highest sensitivity obtained for a 200 µm thick PDMS film sensor was 0.23/KPa with a range of 50 mm Hg, which is the best result reported so far, over that range, for any pressure sensor on a flexible membrane. The noise-limited pressure resolution was found to be 0.9 Pa (0.007 mm Hg), and a response time of ~200 ms, are the best reported results for these sensors. The ultrahigh sensitivity is attributed to the strain-induced formation of microcracks, the effect of which on the resistance change was found to be highly reversible within a certain pressure range. A physical model correlating the sensitivity with the sensor parameters and crack geometry has been proposed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/23/2/025022/pdf

A highly sensitive pressure sensor using a Au-patterned polydimethylsiloxane membrane for biosensing applications

We investigate molecular adsorption doping by electron withdrawing NO2 and electron donating NH3 on epitaxial graphene. Amperometric measurements show conductance changes upon introduction of molecular adsorbents on epitaxial graphene. Conductance changes are a trade-off between carrier concentration and scattering, and manifest at direct current and optical frequencies. We therefore investigate changes in the infrared (IR) reflection spectra to correlate these two frequency domains, as reflectance changes are due to a change of EG surface conductance. We match theory with experimental IR data and extract changes in carrier concentration and scattering due to gas adsorption. Finally, we separate the intraband and interband scattering contributions to the electronic transport under gas adsorption. The results indicate that, under gas adsorption, the influence of interband scattering cannot be neglected, even at DC.

Molecular Gas Adsorption Induced Carrier Transport Studies of Epitaxial Graphene Using IR Reflection Spectroscopy

We investigate molecular adsorption doping by electron withdrawing NO2 and electron donating NH3 on epitaxial graphene grown on C-face SiC substrates. Amperometric measurements show conductance changes upon introduction of molecular adsorbents on epitaxial graphene. Conductance changes are a trade-off between carrier concentration and scattering, and manifest at direct current and optical frequencies. We therefore investigate changes in the infrared (IR) reflection spectra to correlate these two frequency domains, as reflectance changes are due to a change of epitaxial graphene (EG) surface conductance. We match theory with experimental IR data and extract changes in carrier concentration and scattering due to gas adsorption. Finally, we separate the intraband and interband scattering contributions to the electronic transport under gas adsorption. The results indicate that, under gas adsorption, the influence of interband scattering cannot be neglected, even at DC.

Molecular Gas Adsorption Induced Carrier Transport Studies of Epitaxial Graphene using IR Reflection Spectroscopy

SiC has cemented its place as a material of choice for high power devices that can operate at high temperature and harsh environment due to its high critical breakdown field (> 2 MV/cm), high thermal conductivity (120 W/m-K), and high electron saturation velocity. Therefore, SiC is one of the commonly materials used in high temperature gas sensors in catalytic converter today. Most SiC gas sensors are in the form of schottky diodes or capacitive MIS devices [1] where target molecules would dissociate on the catalyst metal surface and create a change in potential barrier across the interface. Despite its widespread application in high temperature gas sensors, SiC is still used as substrate material as gaseous adsorption on thin film semiconductor surfaces does not change the conductance of the overall film significantly. Consequently, research reports on molecular adsorption on SiC thin films and related electronic property changes are scarce. Nevertheless, theoretical calculations involving SiC nanotubes show that they can bind gaseous molecules [2] and also reports on experimental evidences of H2 detection utilizing resistance change of 3C-SiC thin films [3] are present. In this work, microcantilever based electrostatic force microscopy is applied to find out the surface work function (SWF) changes of wide area SiC thin films with the adsorption of NO2 molecules. Any sensitivity variation between Si and C faces of SiC and also between undoped and doped SiC is also discussed.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5372454/5378000/05378345.pdf

Student Paper NO2 sensitivity of wide area SiC and epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates

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A highly sensitive pressure sensor using a Au-patterned polydimethylsiloxane membrane for biosensing applications

Molecular Gas Adsorption Induced Carrier Transport Studies of Epitaxial Graphene Using IR Reflection Spectroscopy

Molecular Gas Adsorption Induced Carrier Transport Studies of Epitaxial Graphene using IR Reflection Spectroscopy

Student Paper NO2 sensitivity of wide area SiC and epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates