Bovine trypanotolerance: A natural ability to prevent severe anaemia and haemophagocytic syndrome?

Parasites can have a wide range of pathophysiological effects on the host. This review describes those associated with some parasites of major importance in man and animals. Haemoprotozoan diseases such as trypanosomiasis and malaria are primarily associated with anaemia. Such anaemias have a complex aetiology involving various mechanisms responsible for red cell destruction as well as possible defects in red cell production. In addition to these haematological effects these diseases are associated with marked disturbances in heart function and the nervous, immune and urinary systems. The other major groups of parasitic diseases are those associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The most advanced studies have been conducted on the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep and have revealed significant effects on feed intake, gastrointestinal function, and protein and energy metabolism. Similar studies have yet to be conducted in other hosts and parasitic diseases. There is also a need to examine in greater detail the factors which can modulate pathophysiological responses by the host to parasitic infections.

Pathophysiology of parasitic infections.

The neurological manifestations of sleeping sickness in man are attributed to the penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and invasion of the central nervous system by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. However, how African trypanosomes cross the BBB remains an unresolved issue. We have examined the traversal of African trypanosomes across the human BBB using an in vitro BBB model system constructed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) grown on Costar Transwell™ inserts. Human-infective T. b. gambiense strain IL 1852 was found to cross human BMECs far more readily than the animal-infective Trypanosoma brucei brucei strains 427 and TREU 927. Tsetse fly–infective procyclic trypomastigotes did not cross the human BMECs either alone or when coincubated with bloodstream-form T. b. gambiense. After overnight incubation, the integrity of the human BMEC monolayer measured by transendothelial electrical resistance was maintained on the inserts relative to the co...

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Parasitology/volume-90/issue-5/GE-287R/AFRICAN-TRYPANOSOME-INTERACTIONS-WITH-AN-IN-VITRO-MODEL-OF-THE/10.1645/GE-287R.pdf

African trypanosome interactions with an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier.

Epidemiology of theileriosis in calves in an endemic area of Kenya.

Summary: Theileriasis is a protozoan infection of wild and domestic Bovidae which occurs throughout much of the world. The Theileria spp. are transmitted by ixodid ticks and have complex life cycles in both vertebrate host and vector, with sexual reproduction occurring in the tick. The classification and distribution of the different species are reviewed, followed by a description of the pathology, immunology, chemotherapy and control of the important species causing disease in domestic animals. The most widely used method of theileriosis control has involved tick control with acaricides. For many reasons this form of control has become less reliable and with the development of methods of immunisation, vaccination is being used more widely, particularly to control T. annulata. Biological differences between Theileria spp. have dictated different methods of vaccination, with an in vitro cultured schizont infected cell being used for T. annulata and T. hirci, and infection with sporozoites followed by drug treatment for T. parva. These live vaccines have limitations and considerable research is being directed towards identifying parasite antigens which may form the basis of newer killed vaccines. The broad immunising capacity of T. annulata isolates contrasts strongly with the antigenic complexity of T. parva. There is an urgent need for in vitro tests which will distinguish between stocks ofT. parva with different immunising capacities. In view of the relatively limited distribution of T. parva and the importance of the disease it causes, an effective system of information exchange and some co-operation and co-ordination in research towards its control have been instituted. The very wide distribution of T. annulata, and the variety of languages and cultures within its distribution, have limited exchange and co-operation but this situation needs to be corrected.

Theileriasis: a comprehensive review.

Inoculation of dogs with Trypanosoma brucei produced an acute fetal disease similar to that seen following natural infection. The disease was characterised by high levels of parasitaemia, moderately severe anemia, and marked changes in the lymphoid system. Extravascular invasion by large numbers of trypanosomes was widespread throughout the body and was accompanied by severe tissue damage. Tissue invasion by trypanosomes was associated with marked cellular infiltration involving lymphoid cells and plasma cells followed by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Associated with these reactions, severe cellular degeneration and focal necrosis occurred. While these changes were widespread and were found in the majority of tissues examined, consistently severe lesions were found in the heart, eyes and central nervous system. In many organs, lymphatic vessels were distended with fluid, trypanosomes, and a cell population similar to that in the surrounding tissue; fibrin deposition and thrombus formation was sometimes observed within the lymphatic lumens. Thrombosis was also found in the blood vessels of the pampiniform plexus, the venous plexus of the ovary, and branches of the renal vein. A severe necrotizing vasculitis affecting only the coronary vessels was a prominent feature in some animals.

The pathogenesis of experimentally induced Trypanosoma brucei infection in the dog. I. Tissue and organ damage.

Pathology of infection with Trypanosoma brucei: disease syndromes in dogs and cattle resulting from severe tissue damage.

Fatal theileriosis in eland (Taurotragus oryx): pathology of natural and experimental cases.

Meeting: Conference on Recent Advances in the Knowledge of Pathogenicity of Trypanosomes, 20-23 Nov. 1978, Nairobi, KE

Pathogenesis of tissue lesions in T. brucei infections

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The pathogenesis of experimentally induced Trypanosoma brucei infection in the dog. I. Tissue and organ damage.

Pathology of infection with Trypanosoma brucei: disease syndromes in dogs and cattle resulting from severe tissue damage.

Fatal theileriosis in eland (Taurotragus oryx): pathology of natural and experimental cases.

Pathogenesis of tissue lesions in T. brucei infections