BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways. The interaction of BMPs with their receptors leads to the formation of complexes and the transduction of signals to the canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, MAPKs, p38, Erk, JNK, and PI3K/Akt) to regulate dental mesenchymal stem cell/progenitor proliferation and differentiation during dentin development and homeostasis. Both the canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, such as Dlx3, Osx, Runx2, and others, to promote the differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts and downregulated gene expressions, such as those of DSPP and DMP1. Dysregulated BMP signaling causes a number of tooth disorders in humans. Mutation or knockout of BMP signaling-associated genes in mice results in dentin defects which enable a better understanding of the BMP signaling networks underlying odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of BMP signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. It includes discussion of the expression of BMPs, their receptors, and the implicated downstream genes during dentinogenesis. In addition, the structures of BMPs, BMP receptors, antagonists, and dysregulation of BMP signaling pathways associated with dentin defects are described.

/pdf/bmp-signaling-pathway-in-dentin-development-and-diseases-1o3zc83n.pdf

BMP Signaling Pathway in Dentin Development and Diseases

Covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), as promising metal-free porous catalysts, have become a hot research topic in the field of (photo)catalysis. Herein, a series of β-ketoenamine COFs are synthesized using different amino and aldehyde monomers, and these COFs exhibit diverse characteristics in terms of crystallinity, chemical structure, microscopic morphology, and optoelectronic properties. TpBD-(CH3)2 synthesized from 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol and o-tolidine exhibits an extended π-conjugated structure and higher crystallinity as well as a more suitable redox potential, which greatly enhances the photocatalytic activity of benzylamine oxidation. Besides, the increased number of hydroxyl groups on the trialdehyde-based monomer contributes to more ketoamines in the TpTAB skeleton, which is favorable for photocatalysis. Meanwhile, β-ketoenamine COFs can rapidly increase their own temperature through internal structural evolution under light irradiation, thus boosting photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines with high efficiency. This work could provide some guidance for the rational design of functional β-ketoenamine COFs for advanced photocatalytic organic transformations. 

Regulating Keto–Enol Tautomerism of β-Ketoenamine Covalent–Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Amines

Enhanced Pre-sensitization in Metal-Free Covalent Organic Frameworks Promoting Hydrogen Peroxide Photosynthesis

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are ideal seed cells for periodontal regeneration. A greater understanding of the dynamic protein profiles during osteogenic differentiation contributed to the improvement of periodontal regeneration tissue engineering. Tandem Mass Tag quantitative proteomics was utilized to reveal the temporal protein expression pattern during osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs on days 0, 3, 7 and 14. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were clustered and functional annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, followed by the predicted activation using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Interaction networks of redox-sensitive signalling pathways and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were conducted and the hub protein SOD2 was validated with western blotting. A total of 1024 DEPs were identified and clustered in 5 distinctive clusters representing dynamic tendencies. The GO enrichment results indicated that proteins with different tendencies show different functions. Pathway enrichment analysis found that OXPHOS was significantly involved, which further predicted continuous activation. Redox-sensitive signalling pathways with dynamic activation status showed associations with OXPHOS to various degrees, especially the sirtuin signalling pathway. SOD2, an important component of the sirtuin pathway, displays a persistent increase during osteogenesis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020908. This is the first in-depth dynamic proteomic analysis of osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. It demonstrated a dynamic regulatory mechanism of hPDLSC osteogenesis and might provide a new perspective for research on periodontal regeneration.

/pdf/dynamic-proteomic-profiling-of-human-periodontal-ligament-grmrhvstdf.pdf

Dynamic proteomic profiling of human periodontal ligament stem cells during osteogenic differentiation

Photocatalytic reactions for fuel generation are crucial for the world's energy needs. Covalent-Organic-Frameworks (COFs) have been extensively studied as promising designable photocatalysts for these reactions due to their efficient visible-light absorption, suitable energy-band structure, facilitated intramolecular charge separation, and fast mass transfer. However, the activities of pristine COFs remain unsatisfactory, due to intermolecular charge recombination. Recently, COF-based heterostructures, which combine COFs with metal-sulfides, metal-oxides, carbon materials, or MOFs, have attracted increasing attention for enhancing solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency by facilitating interfacial photo-generated carrier separation, sensitizing wide-gap semiconductors, and promoting surface redox reactions. Thus, a review of the state-of-the-art progress of COF-based heterostructure photocatalysts in reactions such as H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, O2 evolution, H2O splitting and CO2 splitting is crucial for the design of new photocatalysts to promote solar-to-fuel conversion. In this review, the COF-based heterostructures photocatalysts are highlighted based on their synthesis, properties, and reasons for enhanced activities. Moreover, design principles are raised for such photocatalysts for each fuel generation reaction, based on insights into related research. Finally, this review is concluded by proposing future trends for COF-based heterostructures photocatalysts, with attention to the design of COFs and supports, analyzing the photocatalytic reaction dynamics, together with considering practical applications. 

Covalent Organic Frameworks Based Heterostructure in Solar‐To‐Fuel Conversion

TiO2-promoted electron-tunneling of COF-based MIS nanostructures for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production

Abstract Variations in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) redistribute heat and nutrients, causing pronounced anomalies of temperature and nutrient concentrations in the subsurface ocean. However, exactly how millennial‐scale deglacial AMOC variability influenced the subsurface is debated, and the role of other deglacial forcings of subsurface temperature change is unclear. Here, we present a new deglacial temperature reconstruction, which, with published records, helps assess competing hypotheses for deglacial warming in the upper tropical North Atlantic. Our record provides new evidence of regional subsurface warming in the western tropical North Atlantic within the core of modern Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), an early deglacial interval of iceberg discharge into the North Atlantic. Our results are consistent with model simulations that suggest subsurface heat accumulates in the northern high‐latitude convection regions and along the upper AMOC return path when the AMOC weakens, and with warming due to rising greenhouse gases. Warming of AAIW may have also contributed to warming in the tropics at modern AAIW depths during late HS1. Nutrient and reconstructions from the same site suggest a link between AMOC intensity and the northward extent of AAIW in the northern tropics across the deglaciation and on millennial time scales. However, the timing of the initial deglacial increase in AAIW to the northern tropics is ambiguous. Deglacial trends and variability of in the upper North Atlantic have likely biased temperature reconstructions based on the elemental composition of calcitic benthic foraminifera. 

Deglacial temperature and carbonate saturation state variability in the tropical Atlantic at Antarctic Intermediate Water Depths

The TGFβ superfamily of proteins participates in tooth development. TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 regulate odontoblast differentiation and dentin extracellular matrix synthesis. Although the expression of TGFβ family member ligands is well-characterized during mammalian tooth development, less is known about the TGFβ receptor, which is a heteromeric complex consisting of a type I and type II receptors. The molecular mechanism of ALK5 (TGFβR1) in the dental mesenchyme is not clear. We investigated the role of ALK5 in tooth germ mesenchymal cells (TGMCs) from the lower first molar tooth germs of day 15.5 embryonic mice. Human recombinant TGFβ3 protein or an ALK5 inhibitor (SD208) was added to the cells. Cell proliferation was inhibited by SD208 and promoted by TGFβ3. We found that SD208 inhibited TGMCs osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. Both canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling pathways participated in the process. TAK1, P-TAK1, p38 and P-p38 showed greater expression and SMAD4 showed less expression when ALK5 was inhibited. Our findings contribute to understanding the role of TGFβ signaling for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental germ and suggest possible targets for optimizing the use of stem cells of dental origin for tissue regeneration.

ALK5 is essential for tooth germ differentiation during tooth development.

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TiO2-promoted electron-tunneling of COF-based MIS nanostructures for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production

Deglacial temperature and carbonate saturation state variability in the tropical Atlantic at Antarctic Intermediate Water Depths

ALK5 is essential for tooth germ differentiation during tooth development.