Chemical modification of starch.

Starch was allowed to react thermochemically (oven versus drum drying-oven) with citric acid to potentially yield biodegradable products possessing high ion exchange capacity. Reaction variables studies were: starch type (amylose content 0-70%). pH (0.5-8.5), sodium level (0-3 moles), citric acid level (0.1-0.5 moles), reaction time, temperature (110-140°C) and sodium dihydrogen phosphate catalysis. Reaction efficiencies approaching 100% were achieved,while minimizing crosslinking and maximizing carboxyl content. Carboxyl content was determined and copper binding capacity at pH 4.5 was evaluated.

Starch citrate : Preparation and ion exchange properties

Alkali-treated straw and insoluble straw xanthate as low cost adsorbents for heavy metal removal – preparation, characterization and application

Graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) onto rice starch using postassium permanganate/acid redox system as initiator was investigated. When starch was reacted with KMnO4 solution, MnO2 was deposited onto starch. The dependence of MnO2 amount deposited was directly related to KMnO4 concentration. Subjecting the MnO2-containing starch to a solution consisting of monomer (AA) and acid (citric, tartaric, oxalic and hydrochloric acid) formed poly(AA)–starch graft copolymers. The graft yield, expressed as meq COOH/100 g starch, was measured by the amount of MnO2 deposited, AA concentration, material-to-liquor ratio, kind and concentration of acid, as well as temperature and duration. Finally, the newly prepared poly(AA)–starch graft copolymers were applied to cotton textiles to determine their suitability as sizing agents. The highest graft yield was obtained with citric acid and the least with hydrochloric acid, with tartaric and oxalic acid in between. The graft yield increased by increasing the concentration of acid to a certain concentration beyond which grafting leveled off. A similar trend was observed when the magnitude of grafting was related to the amount of MnO2 deposited. The graft yield increased by increasing the polymerization temperature from 30° to 50°C. Increasing the temperature to 60°C is accompanied by decreased grafting. On the other hand, fabric samples sized with poly(AA)–starch graft copolymers acquire higher tensile strength, elongation at break, and abrasion resistance than that sized with native rice starch, i.e., poly(AA)–starch graft copolymers serve as good sizing agents for cotton textiles. A tentative mechanism for grafting rice starch with AA using the KMnO4/acid redox system was elucidated. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto starch using potassium permanganate acid (redox system)

In this study, adsorptions of uranyl ions from two different aqueous uranyl solutions by acrylamide-itaconic acid hydrogels were investigated by a spectroscopic method. The hydrogels were prepared by irradiating with γ-radiation. In the experiment of uranyl ions adsorption, Type II adsorption was found. One gram of acrylamide-itaconic acid hydrogels sorbed 178–219 mg uranyl ions from the solutions of uranyl acetate, 42–76 mg uranyl ions from the aqueous solutions of uranyl nitrate, while acrylamide hydrogel did not sorb any uranyl ion. For the hydrogel containing 40 mg of itaconic acid and irradiated to 3.73 kGy, swelling of the hydrogels was observed in water (1660%), in the aqueous solution of uranyl acetate (730%), and in the aqueous solution of uranyl nitrate (580%). Diffusions of water onto hydrogels were a non-Fickian type of diffusion, whereas diffusions of uranyl ions were a Fickian type of diffusion.

Behaviors of Acrylamide/Itaconic Acid Hydrogels in Uptake of Uranyl Ions from Aqueous Solutions

A series of water-insoluble anion exchange starches were prepared by the the reaction of various cationic monomers with highly crosslinked starches. These starch products contain tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium functionalities which are effective in removing chromate, dichromate, ferrocyanide, ferricyanide, molybdate, permanganate, and other heavy metal anions from industrial waste effluents. The binding capacity of these anion exchange starches is similar to that of com­ mercial macroreticular resins.

Preparation of Insoluble Cationic Starches and Their Use in Heavy Metal Anion Removal

Water-insoluble carboxyl-containing starches were prepared by grafting acrylonitrile onto a highly crosslinked starch followed by base saponification to convert nitrile groups into a mixture of carboxamide and carboxylate groups. Ceric ammonium nitrate or ferrous sulfate–hydrogen peroxide was used to initiate graft polymerization of acrylonitrile. The isolated products were evaluated for the removal of Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ from aqueous solution.

Carboxyl‐containing starch graft polymer: Preparation and use in heavy metal removal

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Preparation of Insoluble Cationic Starches and Their Use in Heavy Metal Anion Removal

Carboxyl‐containing starch graft polymer: Preparation and use in heavy metal removal