Geochemistry of trace elements in Chinese coals: A review of abundances, genetic types, impacts on human health, and industrial utilization

Geochemistry of the Miocene oil shale (Hançili Formation) in the Çankırı-Çorum Basin, Central Turkey: Implications for Paleoclimate conditions, source–area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting

pdf/modes-of-occurrence-of-elements-in-coal-a-critical-y1pfqy73tr.pdf

Modes of occurrence of elements in coal: A critical evaluation

Contents of major and trace elements in feed coals from Turkish coal-fired power plants

Abstract Nova Scotia during the Carboniferous lay at the heart of palaeoequatorial Euramerica in a broadly intermontane palaeoequatorial setting, the Maritimes-West-European province; to the west rose the orographic barrier imposed by the Appalachian Mountains, and to the south and east the Mauritanide-Hercynide belt. The geological affinity of Nova Scotia to Europe, reflected in elements of the Carboniferous flora and fauna, was mirrored in the evolution of geological thought even before the epochal visits of Sir Charles Lyell. The Maritimes Basin of eastern Canada, born of the Acadian-Caledonian orogeny that witnessed the suture of Iapetus in the Devonian, and shaped thereafter by the inexorable closing of Gondwana and Laurasia, comprises a near complete stratal sequence as great as 12 km thick which spans the Middle Devonian to the Lower Permian. Across the southern Maritimes Basin, in northern Nova Scotia, deep depocentres developed en echelon adjacent to a transform platelet boundary between terranes of Avalon and Gondwanan affinity. The subsequent history of the basins can be summarized as distension and rifting attended by bimodal volcanism waning through the Dinantian, with marked transpression in the Namurian and subsequent persistence of transcurrent movement linking Variscan deformation with Mauritainide-Appalachian convergence and Alleghenian thrusting. This Mid-Carboniferous event is pivotal in the Carboniferous evolution of Nova Scotia. Rapid subsidence adjacent to transcurrent faults in the early Westphalian was succeeded by thermal sag in the later Westphalian and ultimately by basin inversion and unroofing after the early Permian as equatorial Pangaea finally assembled and subsequently rifted again in the Triassic. The component Carboniferous basins have provided Nova Scotia with its most important source of mineral and energy resources for three centuries. Their combined basin-fill sequence preserves an exceptional record of the Carboniferous terrestrial ecosystems of palaeoequatorial Euramerica, interrupted only in the mid-late Viséan by the widespread marine deposits of the hypersaline Windsor gulf; their fossil record is here compiled for the first time. Stratal cycles in the marine Windsor, schizohaline Mabou and coastal plain to piedmont coal measures ‘cyclothems’ record Nova Scotia’s palaeogeographic evolution and progressively waning marine influence. The semiarid palaeoclimate of the late Dinantian grew abruptly more seasonally humid after the Namurian and gradually recurred by the Lower Permian, mimicking a general Euramerican trend. Generally more continental and seasonal conditions prevailed than in contemporary basins to the west of the Appalachians and, until the mid-Westphalian, to the east in Europe. Palaeogeographic, paleoflow and faunal trends point to the existence of a Mid-Euramerican Sea between the Maritimes and Europe which persisted through the Carboniferous. The faunal record suggests that cryptic expressions of its most landward transgressions can be recognized within the predominantly continental strata of Nova Scotia.

The Carboniferous evolution of Nova Scotia

Comparison of coal composition and elemental distribution in selected seams of the Sydney and Stellarton Basins, Nova Scotia, Eastern Canada

Composition and depositional environment of major eastern Canadian oil shales

Stratigraphy, sedimentology and depositional environments of the coal-bearing Stellarton Formation, Nova Scotia

Fluorescence properties of alginite-rich oil shales from the Stellarton Basin, Canada

Coals, caimel coals and oil shales of the McLeod sequence from two boreholes in the Pictou Coalfield, Nova Scotia were analysed using methods of organic petrology and organic geochemistry.
			
Petrographic composition was determined by maceral and microlithotype analyses. Within the McLeod coal seam, varying amounts of alginite, vitrinite, inertinite, and mineral matter indicate significant changes in the environment of deposition. High amounts of lamalginite and minerals, i.e., clay minerals and pyrite at the base and top of the seam indicate a lirnnic depositional environment, whereas much dryer conditions are indicated for the middle portion of the seam by better tissue preservation, typical for a wet forest type of swamp. This is confirmed also by results from microlithotype analyses. In the oil shales the predominant maceral is alginite.
			
Coals, cannel coals and oil shales vary significantly in TOC values and hydrocarbon potentials. Parameters such as hydrogen and oxygen indices and hydrocarbon potentials are in good agreement with results from petrographic analyses.
			
Methods of organic petrology and organic geochemistry define distinct types of organic matter in coals, cannel coals and oil shales which can be related to facies changes and environments of deposition. From the preliminary results it appears that these methods also can be applied regionally for stratigraphic correlations within sequences of rapid facies changes.
			
			RESUME
			Des charbons, des charbons de spores et pollens, ainsi que des schistes bitumineux appartenant a la serie de McLeod et provenant de deux sondages dans le bassin houiller de Pictou (Nouvelle-Ecosse) furent analyses a l'aide de methodes de perologie et de geochimie organiques.
			
On determina la composition petrographique grace a une analyse des macevaux et des microlithotypes. La variation des teneurs en alginite, vitrinite, inertinite et en composants min&aux au sein du filon charbormeux de McLeod temoigne de changements majeurs dans le milieu de depot. Un milieu de depot limnique est indique par des teneurs elevees en lamalginite et en minevaux, i.e. mineraux argileux et pyrite, tant a la base qu'au sommet du filon. En revanche, une meilleure conservation des tissus, typique des marecages de foret humide, trahit des conditions beaucoup plus seches pour la portion centrale du filon. Les resultats de analyses de microlithotype confirment cet etat de chose. L'alginite est le maceral predominant dans les schistes bitumineux.
			
Les charbons, les charbons de spores et pollens, ainsi que les schistes bitumineux varient fortement aux plans du COT et du potentiel petroligene. Certains parametres, comme les indices d'hydrogene et d'oxygene et les potentiels petroligenes, confortent les resultats obtenus grace aux analyses petrographiques.
			
Au sein des charbons, charbons de spores et pollens, et schistes bitumineux, les methodes de la petrologie et de la geochimie organiques detuiissent des types distincts de matiere organique qui peuvent etre lies aux changements de facies et aux milieux de depot. A partir de ces resultats preliminaires, il semble qu'on puisse utiliser ces methodes a une echelle regionale pour nialiser des correlations stratigraphiques a l’interieur de series montrant des changements rapides de facies.
						
[Traduit par le journal]

/pdf/petrology-rock-eval-and-facies-analyses-of-the-mcleod-coal-1l4rgxozug.pdf

Petrology, Rock-Eval and facies analyses of the McLeod coal seam and associated beds, Pictou Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada

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