Temperate forest ecosystems have recently been identified as an important net sink in the global carbon budget. The factors responsible for the strength of the sinks and their permanence, however, are less evident. In this paper, we quantify the present carbon sequestration in Thuringian managed coniferous forests. We quantify the effects of indirect human-induced environmental changes (increasing temperature, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen fertilization), during the last century using BIOME-BGC, as well as the legacy effect of the current age-class distribution (forest inventories and BIOME-BGC). We focused on coniferous forests because these forests represent a large area of central European forests and detailed forest inventories were available. The model indicates that environmental changes induced an increase in biomass C accumulation for all age classes during the last 20 years (1982‐2001). Young and old stands had the highest changes in the biomass C accumulation during this period. During the last century mature stands (older than 80 years) turned from being almost carbon neutral to carbon sinks. In high elevations nitrogen deposition explained most of the increase of net ecosystem production (NEP) of forests. CO2 fertilization was the main factor increasing NEP of forests in the middle and low elevations. According to the model, at present, total biomass C accumulation in coniferous forests of Thuringia was estimated at 1.51tCha � 1 yr � 1 with an averaged annual NEP of 1.42tCha � 1 yr � 1 and total net biome production of 1.03tCha � 1 yr � 1 (accounting for harvest). The annual averaged biomass carbon balance (BCB: biomass accumulation rateharvest) was 1.12tCha � 1 yr � 1 (not including soil respiration), and was close to BCB from forest inventories (1.15tCha � 1 yr � 1 ). Indirect human impact resulted in 33% increase in modeled biomass carbon accumulation in coniferous forests in Thuringia during the last century. From the forest inventory data we estimated the legacy effect of the age-class distribution to account for 17% of the inventory-based sink. Isolating the environmental change effects showed that these effects can be large in a long-term, managed conifer forest.

/pdf/partitioning-direct-and-indirect-human-induced-effects-on-45t4z72o68.pdf

Partitioning direct and indirect human-induced effects on carbon sequestration of managed coniferous forests using model simulations and forest inventories

Summary Two silvicultural alternatives for Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations in north-western Spain were simulated and compared. One corresponded to the current management practice applied in the region and the other was an intensive silvicultural regime. Both alternatives were described by a specifi c combination of plantation density, precommercial treatments, thinning pattern and rotation age. Stand development of each silvicultural alternative was generated using a regional growth and yield model implemented in a simulator called GesMO, for three site qualities that represented poorest, intermediate and best sites found in the region. Different timber grades associated with each alternative were predicted, and estimates of costs and selling prices were used to predict a cash fl ow pattern for each of the simulated alternatives. The alternatives were ranked using the criterion of net present value of an infi nite series of rotations. Sensitivity analysis, in terms of basic prices, discount rate and rotation length, was also carried out. In addition, the effects of risk of fi re on net revenues were evaluated. For the present regional market conditions the results showed that the currently applied alternative is not the best one if the main aim is profi t maximization. For very poor quality sites the proposed schedules are uneconomical for all silvicultural alternatives.

/pdf/modelling-silvicultural-and-economic-alternatives-for-scots-kfwezfx1ok.pdf

Modelling silvicultural and economic alternatives for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations in north-western Spain

Physische Geographie Deutschlands : eine Einführung mit Betonnung der Geomorphologie

In this study, where the habitat and the factors affecting the success of natural regeneration efforts performed in different years in Arac region have been investigated has been completed in year 2012. Within the scope of research, in order to determine the most important factors affecting the success of the black pine natural regeneration efforts, the factor analysis was utilized. As a result of factor analysis, it has been found that physiographic conditions, physical soil properties, organic matter, climate, and outer soil status factors affect the success of regeneration efforts.

/pdf/the-factors-affecting-the-success-of-natural-regeneration-3h6gla1eog.pdf

THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF NATURAL REGENERATION EFFORTS IN KASTAMONU-ARAÇ REGION’S BLACK PINE (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) STANDS

An important moment in the establishment of forestry seed orchards is the formation of their optimal composition, avoiding inbreeding depression in the outgoing seed material which occurs due to crossbreeding between closely related plus trees, the clones of which comprise the orchards. It is possible to minimize the negative effect of inbreeding by considering the hereditary aspect of the heterogeneous seed orchard material. The purpose of our work is to provide a comparative assessment of the formation and lignification of xylem in annual shoots of the plus trees of Scots pine. We investigated the formation and lignification of xylem in the annual shoots of the plus trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), found in natural forests in the Nizhny Novgorod region of the Russian Federation. Their vegetative progeny were cultivated in the clone archive stationed in the same region. Analyzing the one-type of the 1-year shoots, the time that the shoots were cut from the branches corresponded to the presence of plants in the characteristic phenological phases of seasonal development. A histochemical study of xylem was conducted, using the qualitative reactions of phloroglucinol to lignin. The power of xylem development was estimated by counting, in the radial direction, the cell rows from the core to the cambium in the microscope’s field of view. A significant differentiation of plus trees was revealed in a complex of signs characterizing the level of xylem development and the degree of xylem cell lignification in the tissues of annual shoots. Phenotypic differences in the physiological state of plus trees appeared given a leveled ecological background, indicating their genotypic determinism. This was confirmed by an analysis of variance. The share of the influence of differences between the proper plus trees was between 25.16%  ± 8.91% and 53.98%  ± 5.48% of the total phenotypic variance of the signs of the seasonal state of xylem. Factor analysis was used to reduce the number of considered indicators of xylem physiological state. The results allowed a cluster analysis to be carried out on the basis of the normalized values of the initial xylem features as well as the principal components derived from them. The association of plus trees was done on the basis of the similarity of the multidimensional estimates of xylem seasonal condition. The objects that were the most remote from the others were identified. This information provides a reasonable approach to the formation of an assortment of Scots pine seed orchards.

/pdf/physiological-differentiation-of-the-plus-trees-of-scots-45givozylp.pdf

Physiological Differentiation of the Plus Trees of Scots Pine: Seasonal Status of Xylem

La estructura actual de los bosques en Alemania y su diversidad biologica relacionada es un resultado del desarrollo natural, cultural y economico de los ultimos 10.000 anos. La composicion de especies, su distribucion, y la proporcion de bosques-tierras agrarias empezo a cambiar probablemente hace unos 3.000 anos. La selvicultura moderna se desarrollo en Alemania entre 1750 y 1850. Los bosques sobre-explotados y degenerados de ese tiempo se cambiaron a plantaciones puras de coniferas altamente productivas. Gracias a esta medida se satisfizo el incremento de la demanda de madera de las industrias. La proporcion de bosques naturales de pinos en la vegetacion potencial forestal es menos del 3 % mientas que la proporcion de Pino silvestre en la superficie forestal actual es del 28 %. El centro de distribucion de esos bosques son las regiones bajas del norte de Alemania, donde existen predominantemente plantaciones puras de pinos en sitios de bosques naturales de frondosas. La estructura de las clases de edad esta dominada por rodales jovenes de hasta 60 anos de edad. Esta estructura de edades complica la existencia de una selvicultura rentable. Durante las ultimas decadas se han desarrollado tratamientos selvicolas alternativos para solucionar estos problemas y para incrementar el grado de naturalidad de las plantaciones de pino existentes. En general, estos modelos buscan disminuir los costes, producir madera mayor y de mas calidad, incrementar la diversidad estructural, incrementar la proporcion de frondosas y conseguir una cubierta continua de los sistemas forestales. La diversidad no se constituye como un criterio ecologico de calidad. Para la evaluacion de la biodiversidad real se necesita una comparacion con la vegetacion potencial natural.

http://www.inia.es/IASPF/2000/fueraserie/beck.PDF

Silviculture and stand dynamics of scots pine in germany

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Silviculture and stand dynamics of scots pine in germany