Screening of Bacillus strains isolated from mangrove ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia for microplastic degradation.

Mangrove forests occurring at the interface of terrestrial and marine ecosystems represent a rich biological diversity of plants, animals and microorganisms. Microbes, being an important component of the mangrove environment, not only play a very critical role in creating and maintaining this biosphere but also serve as a source of biotechnologically valuable and important products. By participating in various steps of decomposition and mineralization of leaf litter, microbes make an essential contribution to the productivity of the mangrove ecosystem. They able to recycle nutrients, produce and consume gases that affect global climate, destroy pollutants, treat anthropogenic wastes and can also be used for biological control of plant and animal pests. Microorganisms from mangrove environments are a major source of antimicrobial agents and also produce a wide range of important medicinal compounds, including enzymes, antitumor agents, insecticides, vitamins, immunosuppressants, and immune modulators. However, the phylogenetic and functional description of microbial diversity in mangrove ecosystems has not been addressed to the same extent as for other environments. Even though the mangrove ecosystem is very rich in microbial diversity, less than 5% of species have been described; in many cases neither their ecological role nor their application potential is known. Recently developed technologies in molecular biology and genetics offer great promise to explore the potential of microbial diversity. Hence, the present paper makes an attempt to review the microbial diversity in mangrove ecosystems and explore their potential applications in various fields such as agriculture, pharmaceutical, industrial, environmental and medical sciences.

Biodiversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms from mangrove ecosystems: a review

Lipopeptides are microbial surface active compounds produced by a wide variety of bacteria, fungi, and yeast. They are characterized by high structural diversity and have the ability to decrease the surface and interfacial tension at the surface and interface, respectively. Surfactin, iturin, and fengycin of Bacillus subtilis are among the most popular lipopeptides. Lipopepetides can be applied in diverse domains as food and cosmetic industries for their emulsification/de-emulsification capacity, dispersing, foaming, moisturizing, and dispersing properties. Also, they are qualified as viscosity reducers, hydrocarbon solubilizing and mobilizing agents, and metal sequestering candidates for application in environment and bioremediation. Moreover, their ability to form pores and destabilize biological membrane permits their use as antimicrobial, hemolytic, antiviral, antitumor, and insecticide agents. Furthermore, lipopeptides can act at the surface and can modulate enzymes activity permitting the enhancement of the activity of certain enzymes ameliorating microbial process or the inhibition of certain other enzymes permitting their use as antifungal agents. This article will present a detailed classification of lipopeptides biosurfactant along with their producing strain and biological activities and will discuss their functional properties and related applications.

Review lipopeptides biosurfactants: Mean classes and new insights for industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications.

Glycolipids, consisting of a carbohydrate moiety linked to fatty acids, are microbial surface active compounds produced by various microorganisms. They are characterized by high structural diversity and have the ability to decrease the surface and interfacial tension at the surface and interface, respectively. Rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids and cellobiose lipids are among the most popular glycolipids. They have received much practical attention as biopesticides for controlling plant diseases and protecting stored products. As a result of their antifungal activity towards phytopathogenic fungi and larvicidal and mosquitocidal potencies, glycolipid biosurfactants permit the preservation of plants and plant crops from pest invasion. Also, as a result of their emulsifying and antibacterial activities, glycolipids have great potential as food additives and food preservatives. Furthermore, the valorization of food byproducts via the production of glycolipid biosurfactant has received much attention because it permits the bioconversion of byproducts on valuable compounds and decreases the cost of production. Generally, the use of glycolipids in many fields requires their retention from fermentation media. Accordingly, different strategies have been developed to extract and purify glycolipids. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Glycolipid biosurfactants: main properties and potential applications in agriculture and food industry

The role of lipopeptide biosurfactant on microbial remediation of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil

Two types of biosurfactant (BS)-producing bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis TR7 and Bacillus subtilis SA9, were isolated from mangrove sediment in the south of Thailand. The BS production was done by using only molasses as a whole medium for growth and production. Under optimized conditions, the yields of TR7 and SA9 BS were found to be 3.30 and 3.78 g/l, respectively. It could reduce the surface tension of pure water to 28.5 and 29.5 mN/m, with the critical micelle concentrations of about 10 and 30 mg/l, respectively. Good thermal, pH, and salt stability were exhibited. Both BSs could recover oil more effectively than the two synthetic surfactants. In addition, TR7 and SA9 BS could enhance the solubility of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Thus, these BSs have the potential for the removal of oil and PAHs from the combined contaminated environment and facilitate its bioremediation. These studies indicate that molasses, as a renewable, relatively inexpensive and easily available resource, can be used for important biotechnological processes.

Molasses as a Whole Medium for Biosurfactants Production by Bacillus Strains and Their Application

Biosurfactant-producing bacteria were isolated from mangrove sediment in southern Thailand. Isolates were screened for biosurfactant production by using the surface tension test. The highest reduction of surface tension was achieved with a bacterial strain which was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Oleomonas sagaranensis AT18. It has also been investigated using different carbon and nitrogen sources. It showed that the strain was able to grow and reduce the surface tension of the culture supernatant to 25 mN/m. In all 5.30 g of biosurfactant yield was obtained after 54 h of cultivation by using molasses and NaNO3 as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The biosurfactant recovery by chloroform:methanol extraction showed a small critical micelle concentration value (8 mg/l), thermal and pH stability with respect to surface tension reduction. It also showed emulsification activity and a high level of salt concentration. The biosurfactant obtained was confirmed as a glycolipid by using a biochemical test, FT-IR and mass spectra. The crude biosurfactant showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and also had the ability to emulsify oil and enhance PAHs solubility.

Isolation and functional characterization of a biosurfactant produced by a new and promising strain of Oleomonas sagaranensis AT18

The Leucobacter komagatae 183 strain, isolated from mangrove sediment in Trang, southern Thailand, was evaluated as a potential biosurfactant producer. The biosurfactant production was carried out by using a mineral salt medium with commercial sugar and monosodium glutamate as the carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. The microbial growth was investigated and the best cultivation time for the biosurfactant was found to be 54 h. After the microbial cultivation at 30°C under optimized conditions, the biosurfactant produced was found to reduce the surface tension of pure water to 26.5 mN/m with the critical micelle concentration of about 9 mg/l. The stability of the biosurfactant at different salinities, pH and temperature and also its emulsifying activity has been investigated. It is an effective surfactant at very low concentrations over a wide range of temperatures, pHs and salt concentrations. The crude biosurfactant showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and also had the ability to emulsify oil and enhance PAHs solubility.

Production of biosurfactant from a new and promising strain of Leucobacter komagatae 183

Biosurfactant-producing bacteria, isolate CT2, was isolated from mangrove sediment in the south of Thailand. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from isolate CT2 showed 100 % similarity with Selenomonas ruminantium. The highest biosurfactant production (5.02 g/l) was obtained when the cells were grown on minimal salt medium containing 15 g/l molasses and 1 g/l commercial monosodium glutamate supplemented with 1 g/l NaCl, 0.1 g/l leucine, 5 % (v/v) inoculum size at 30 °C and 150 rpm after 54 h of cultivation. The biosurfactant obtained by extraction with ethyl acetate showed high surface tension reduction (25.5 mN/m), a small CMC value (8 mg/l), thermal and pH stability with respect to surface tension reduction and emulsification activity and a high level of salt tolerance. The biosurfactant obtained was confirmed as a lipopeptide by using a biochemical test, FT-IR, MNR and mass spectrometry. The crude biosurfactant showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and also had the ability to emulsify oil and enhance PAHs solubility.

An efficient biosurfactant-producing bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium CT2, isolated from mangrove sediment in south of Thailand

Microbial surface active compounds (SACs) were isolated from various environmental sources in Thailand. Isolates were screened for SACs production in different carbon sources (crude glycerol, commercial sugar, decanter, glucose, molasses, used palm oil, and used lubricating oil) by using drop-collapsing test and emulsification activity. Molasses produced the highest number of positive results (23 of 25 isolates). Twenty-one isolate strains produced emulsions with xylene, and 15 exhibited high emulsion-stabilizing capacity, maintaining more than 50 % of the original emulsion volume for 24 h, and six isolate strains reduced the growth medium surface tension to 40 mN/m. The phylogenetic position of these 25 isolates was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The production of microbial SACs was determined for strains representative of 16 different bacterial genera, in which ten genera (Blastococcus, Erysipelothrix, Humicoccus, Methylophilus, Microlunatus, Nevskia, Pectinatus, Rubrimonas, Selenomonas, and Stenotrophomonas) were firstly reported as SAC-producing strains. Overall, the new SAC-producing strains isolated in this study display promising features for the future development and use in economically efficient industrial-scale biotechnological processes.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of microbial surface active compound-producing bacteria.

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