Copyright @ 2020 Author. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. For commercial use of this work, please see our terms at https://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/copyright. Pollution is still the main environmental problem in the world. Air, water, soil, chemical, metal, and workrelated pollution are often found in the environment. Among these pollutants, air pollution is the most important cause of death.1 Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and particles whose source and composition are varied by place and time.2 Air pollution has occurred since prehistoric times, which began when humans came to know fire. Concerns about the effects of air pollution have a long history. Complaints about its impact on human health and the environment were first voiced by the citizens of Athens and ancient Rome. During the industrial revolution, urban air quality deteriorated due to the widespread use of coal in factories in Britain, Germany, the United States, and other countries that were leading to a “smog era”. Although there has been a major impact of air pollution on public health, various initial laws and regulations for controlling pollution are generally weak and ineffective. After the Great Smog air pollution in London in 1952, people became more aware of its detrimental impact on human health, so strict laws enforcement was made to reduce pollution. Therefore, cities in industrialized countries were cleaner.3 Air pollution is classified according to its source, chemical composition, size, and place of emission. Classification of air pollution by source is divided into primary and secondary. Primary pollutants are released directly from certain sources into the atmosphere. The examples of primary pollutants are sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). Meanwhile, secondary pollutants are the result of chemical reactions between primary pollutant and gases. Examples of secondary pollutants are ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Classification of air pollution based on the place of emission is divided into outdoor and indoor air pollution. Classification of pollutants based on chemical composition and size of pollutants is divided into gases and particles (PM).4 The source of air pollution can be from nature and human activities including combustion or dissemination of dust. Natural events that contribute to pollution include volcanic activity, forest fires, and storms. The main sources of anthropogenic air pollution are the act of industrialization and urbanization, and it includes emissions from vehicles, factories, and power plants. Activities at home also become a source of air pollution such as cooking and heating in the house with fossil fuels (charcoal) and biomass (wood, animal dung, and crop wastes) on an open fire or traditional stoves.5 The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that currently 92% of the world’s population breathe poor air quality.6 Numerous long-term studies related to air pollution show that people living in more polluted areas have a greater risk of premature death compared to residents living in regions that have lower air pollution.2 Globally, in 2015 there was an estimation of 9 million premature deaths due to pollution. This number is three times higher than the accumulated deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and malaria.1 WHO data records that there are 7 million deaths each year related to outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution.7 Currently, air pollution is a major environmental problem.3 Air pollution is now clearly proven to be an important global risk factor for disease. Research in the last decade in many cities around the world shows that death linked to air pollution increased as the increasing air pollution level. Some studies have also shown in detail the effects of air pollution on human health.2 Air pollution can negatively impact the respiratory or pulmonary system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, skin, reproductive system, and cancer.8 Short-term or acute air pollution exposure is associated with the increase of respiratory symptoms, doctor and emergency visits, asthma medications usages, asthma attacks, heart attacks, hospital care, COMMENTARY

/pdf/air-pollution-and-human-health-759j3r9z5x.pdf

Air pollution and human health

Forest ecosystems perform several functions that are necessary for maintaining the integrity of the planet’s ecosystem. Forest fires are thus a significant danger to all living things. Forest fire fighting is a foreground task for modern society. Forest fire prediction is one of the most effective ways to solve this urgent issue. Modern prediction systems need to be developed in order to increase the quality of prediction; therefore, it is necessary to generalize knowledge about the processes occurring during a fire. This article discusses the key features of the processes prior to forest fuel ignition (drying and pyrolysis) and the ignition itself, as well as approaches to their experimental and mathematical modeling.

/pdf/forest-fuel-drying-pyrolysis-and-ignition-processes-during-rrctazgx.pdf

Forest Fuel Drying, Pyrolysis and Ignition Processes during Forest Fire: A Review

Forest fires in peatlands emit pollutants to the atmosphere, affecting public health. Though air quality data and epidemiology information are helpful in the management of the environment and public health, they are not always available. We aimed to reveal the utility of newspaper articles for estimating the public health concerns posed by air pollution. Using the database of a local newspaper, Riau Pos, in Riau Province of Sumatra, Indonesia, we have studied spatiotemporal correlations between publication frequency of newspaper articles mentioning search terms relevant to health issues and Fire Radiation Power (FRP) of peatland fires. FRP from one of the NASA satellite databases has been used as an index of air pollution caused by peatland fires. Visibility data for airport operation were also used as an index of particulate matter concentrations. The study regions are primarily the fire-prone Riau Province and nearby areas in the central area of Sumatra, Indonesia, from 2009 to 2018. Newspaper articles related to public health are found to be associated with FRP and visibility, or regional air pollution.

Correlation of publication frequency of newspaper articles with environment and public health issues in fire-prone peatland regions of Riau in Sumatra, Indonesia

The occurrence of wildfires in Indonesia is prevalent during drought seasons. Multiple toxic pollutants emitted from wildfires have deleterious effects on pregnant women. However, the evidence for these on pregnant women was underreported. The study conducted 24-h monitoring of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations indoors and outdoors in 9 low-income homes in Palangka Raya during the 2019 wildfire season and 6 low-income homes during the 2019 non-wildfire season. A hundred and seventy pregnant women had their PM exposure assessed between July and October 2019 using personal monitors. It was observed that outdoor air pollutant levels were greater than those found indoors without indoor sources. The findings indicate that indoor PM2.5 concentrations were modestly increased by 1.2 times higher than outdoor, suggesting that buildings only partially protected people from exposure during wildfires. The concentrations of PM2.5 were found to be comparatively higher indoors in residential buildings with wood material than in brick houses. The study findings indicate that 8 out of 12 brick houses exhibited a notable RI/O24 h of less than 1 during the wildfires, whereas all I/O24 h ratios during the non-wildfire season were >1, suggesting the influence of indoor sources. Based on the estimation of daily PM2.5 dose, pregnant women received around 21% of their total daily dose during sedentary activity involving cooking. The present research offers empirical support for the view that indoor air quality in low-income households is affected by a complex combination of factors, including wildfire smoke, air tightness, and occupant behaviour. Also, this situation is more likely a potential risk to pregnant women being exposed to wildfire smoke. 

The infiltration of wildfire smoke and its potential dose on pregnant women: Lessons learned from Indonesia wildfires in 2019

Disaster-related carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can occur in the event of extended power loss and subsequent use of makeshift heating and cooking elements in poorly ventilated spaces. The maternal-fetal dyad represents populations highly vulnerable to disasters and the subsequent compounding effects of CO poisoning. This study synthesizes evidence related to disaster-associated global CO exposures, reports of CO exposures in pregnancy, and associated individual outcomes in the maternal-fetal dyad. Implications related to UNDRR include Sendai Priorities I and IV: understanding associated risks and disaster risk reduction strategies to reduce the incidence of CO poisoning in vulnerable populations. 

Cascading effects of disaster-related CO exposures during pregnancy

BACKGROUND Indonesia forest fire in 2015 emitted a huge amount of pollutants into the air. This study was aimed to assess the health consequences of forest fire smoke in healthy residents in Riau during forest fire disaster in 2015.
METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed in healthy residents who lived in Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Sumatera, for at least 6 months during forest fire disaster in 2015, and data were taken in October 2015. Questionnaires consisting of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms were collected. Lung function was assessed by spirometry (MIR II Spirolab™ spirometer, Medical International Research, Italy) and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) was assessed using piCO+ Smokerlyzer®. Heart rate at rest and oxygen saturation in the room air were measured using Onyx 9591 Pulse Oximeter®. 
RESULTS A total of 89 subjects were mostly female (75.3%), housewife (37.7%), nonsmoker (86.5%) with mean age of 38.9 years old. The non-respiratory and respiratory symptoms were reported in 84.7% and 71.4% subjects, respectively. Lung function was impaired in 72.6% subjects, mostly with mild obstruction and mild restriction. Exhaled CO was highly detected over normal values (mean [standard deviation] = 32.6 [9.97] ppm) with predicted carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) of 5.74 (1.56).
CONCLUSIONS Forest fire smoke exposure increased the respiratory and nonrespiratory symptoms among healthy individuals, which showed impairment in lung function, exhaled CO, and predicted COHb. Long term health effects on healthy individuals exposed to forest fire smoke warrant further evaluation.

/pdf/health-consequences-of-thick-forest-fire-smoke-to-healthy-1ea0ziz5t0.pdf

Health consequences of thick forest fire smoke to healthy residents in Riau, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

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Health consequences of thick forest fire smoke to healthy residents in Riau, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study