To understand the endogenous components of the event-related brain potential (ERP), we must use data about the components' antecedent conditions to form hypotheses about the information-processing function of the underlying brain activity These hypotheses, in turn, generate testable predictions about the consequences of the component We review the application of this approach to the analysis of the P300 component The amplitude of the P300 is controlled multiplicatively by the subjective probability and the task relevance of the eliciting events, whereas its latency depends on the duration of stimulus evaluation These and other factors suggest that the P300 is a manifestation of activity occurring whenever one's model of the environment must be revised Tests of three predictions based on this “context updating” model are reviewed Verleger's critique is based on a misconstrual of the model as well as a partial and misleading reading of the relevant literature

Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating

The conflict between science and the Bible, between Science and Christianity, or between “reason” and “faith” in broader terms, is an old one. Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century and the publication of Origin of Species, Christians have been on the defensive. And they have been on the defensive because they have accepted and believed the myth that science furnishes truth. Sad to say, most Christians have not kept up with the battle and still cling to the idea that there are at least two roads to truth: science and the Scripture. Consequently, they spend most of their time trying to reconcile science and Scripture in such a way as not to offend the “reason” of the natural man. In so doing, in accepting the premise that science is a cognitive enterprise that, properly pursued, leads to truth, these Christians have been doing a disservice to truth and to Christianity.

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

Thank you for reading experimental and quasi experimental designs for research. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this experimental and quasi experimental designs for research, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious virus inside their laptop.

Experimental And Quasi Experimental Designs For Research

EIGHT members of the Yale Institute of Human Relations have co-operated to produce this book The result is not a mere juxtaposition of uncoordinated viewpoints but a unity of aim and consistency in presentation which make the multiple authorship almost undetectable Whatever judgment one may make about the value of the hypothesis elaborated in the book, there can be little doubt that the intimate collaboration of a team of specialists, each with a distinctive training, is a profitable way of examining a problem which has no clear-cut frontiers and which does not fall neatly into one of the conventional compartments of social study Frustration and Aggression By John Dollard Neal E Miller Leonard W Doob O H Mowrer Robert R Sears, in collaboration with Clellan S Ford, Carl Iver Hovland and Richard T Sollenberger (International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction) Pp ix + 150 (London: Kegan Paul and Co, Ltd, 1944) 10s 6d net

Frustration and Aggression

This study tested 3 main hypotheses concerning people's predictions of task completion times: (a) People underestimate their own but not others' completion times, (b) people focus on plan-based scenarios rather than on relevant past experiences while generating their predictions, and (c) people's attributions diminish the relevance of past experiences. Results supported each hypothesis. Ss' predictions of their completion times were too optimistic for a variety of academic and nonacademic tasks. Think-aloud procedures revealed that Ss focused primarily on future scenarios when predicting their completion times. In Study 4, the optimistic bias was eliminated for Ss instructed to connect relevant past experiences with their predictions. In Studies 3 and 4, Ss attributed their past prediction failures to relatively external, transient, and specific factors. In Study 5, observer Ss overestimated others' completion times and made greater use of relevant past experiences.

https://web.mit.edu/curhan/www/docs/Articles/biases/67_J_Personality_and_Social_Psychology_366,_1994.pdf

Exploring the "planning fallacy": Why people underestimate their task completion times.

Theorie und Erfahrung in der psychologischen Forschung

That most psychological research is conducted with students led to concerns that psychological laws apply only to this population. These fears are based on Campbell and Stanley’s concept of external validity that specifies the extent to which research findings can be generalized. This concept is based on an inductivist philosophy. As philosophers of science have argued since Hume, one cannot derive general laws from singular observations. Instead, one develops theories and uses empirical studies to test these theories. This solves the problem of generalization because the domain of applicability is specified by the theory. Reports that studies result in different findings when conducted in different cultures are unproblematic as long as these differences can be explained with psychological theories.

/pdf/do-our-psychological-laws-apply-only-to-college-students-uaoak1qrbv.pdf

Do Our Psychological Laws Apply Only to College Students?: External Validity Revisited

Section headings: Intuition, Lay Predictions and Professional Forecasts. The role of prediction in daily life. Lay predictions and professional forecasts. Intuition and prediction. The intuitive core of professional forecasts. Or: Why do we need a social pyschology of prediction? Social Psychological Theories of Prediction. Early attempts: prediction as an interaction of situational characteristics and individual factors. The role of cognitive structures and processes in predicting: Tversky and Kahneman's heuristics concept. Contributions of other modern judgement research. Laboratory vs 'real world' use of heuristics. Expanding and Testing Modern Concepts for Prediction. Part 1: Individual factors and prediction. Part 2: From individual predictions to professional forecasts. The Relevance of Psychological Concepts to the Problem of Prediction. The credibility of predictions. How to evaluate predictions? Integrating theoretical concepts. References. Index.

Intuitive predictions and professional forecasts: Cognitive processes and social consequences.

R Purpose ‐ To develop a realistic view that integrates the idea that knowledge is a constructive process. R Problem ‐ In the controversy between realism and constructivism, both sides have often misunderstood each other. Many realists still consider constructivism as a kind of idealism. And constructivists often assume that realists believe they have direct access to things as they really are. It seems necessary to clarify the statements of either side, to rule out some misunderstandings, and then to discuss anew the central epistemological problems. R Solution ‐ A version of realism is proposed that takes into account constructivist ideas and objections. Realism as presented here is not opposed to the idea that cognition is a constructive process. According to this view, reality is something we presuppose in any attempt to attain knowledge though we can never be certain how things really are. Having knowledge amounts to the preliminary judgment that some hypotheses seem to correspond to reality better than others. In addition, it is demonstrated that a constructivist position that reduces the claim to knowledge even further does not solve the problems better but creates new ones. Finally, Mitterer’s non-dualizing view of descriptions is discussed. It is argued that description necessarily presupposes something different from language. R Key words ‐ realism, constructivism, idealism, fallibilism, self-refutation, description, non-dualizing philosophy. philosophical‐epistemological

https://constructivist.info/3/3/153.gadenne.pdf

The Construction of Realism

Bewußtsein, Kognition und Gehirn : Einführung in die Psychologie des Bewußtseins

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Volker Gadenne

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