抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

SPAdes, a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)

An MRI time course of 512 echo-planar images (EPI) in resting human brain obtained every 250 ms reveals fluctuations in signal intensity in each pixel that have a physiologic origin. Regions of the sensorimotor cortex that were activated secondary to hand movement were identified using functional MRI methodology (FMRI). Time courses of low frequency (< 0.1 Hz) fluctuations in resting brain were observed to have a high degree of temporal correlation (P < 10(-3)) within these regions and also with time courses in several other regions that can be associated with motor function. It is concluded that correlation of low frequency fluctuations, which may arise from fluctuations in blood oxygenation or flow, is a manifestation of functional connectivity of the brain.

Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI.

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within ...

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

The disclosure relates to compositions, methods, and processes for the preparation, use, and/or formulation of adeno-associated virus capsid proteins, wherein the capsid proteins comprise targeting peptide inserts for enhanced tropism to a target tissue.

Aav variants with enhanced tropism

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful therapeutic option for intractable movement (e.g., Parkinson disease (PD), tremor, dystonia, and Tourette syndrome) and psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder). When applied to PD patients, the benefits of DBS are immediate and dramatic, manifesting as improved motor function. However, due to the nonspecificity of electrical stimulation, DBS has variable efficacy. This aspect can also evoke unwanted side effects. The mechanisms underlying the effects of DBS are still debated intensely and there is tremendous interest from both basic neuroscience and clinical communities to better understand DBS, in order to maximize therapeutic benefits. An emerging technology, optogenetics, allows scientists to directly and specifically control the activity of distinct cell-types with high temporal precision in well-defined brain regions, thereby overcoming the lack of neural specificity inherent to electrical stimulation. This chapter reviews the background and recent work related to optogenetic applications for investigating DBS's therapeutic mechanisms of action in the context of movement disorders such as PD.

Neurophysiological and Optogenetic Assessment of Brain Networks Involved in Motor Control

La stimulation de cellules cibles en utilisant la lumiere, par exemple, in vivo ou in vitro, est mise en œuvre en utilisant une diversite de procedes et de dispositifs Un exemple implique un vecteur pour fournir une molecule a base de MpHR activee par lumiere comprenant une sequence d'acide nucleique qui code pour la molecule a base de NpHR activee par lumiere et un promoteur Soit une expression elevee de la molecule manifeste un niveau de toxicite qui est inferieur a 75 % environ, soit les proteines a base de NpHR activees par lumiere sont exprimees en utilisant au moins deux variantes moleculaires a base de NpHR Chacune des variantes est caracterisee en ce qu'elle est utile pour exprimer une molecule a base de NpHR activee par lumiere qui repond a la lumiere en produisant un courant inhibiteur pour dissuader la depolarisation du neurone D'autres aspects et modes de realisation concernent des systemes, procedes, kits, compositions de matiere et molecules pour pompes ioniques ou pour controler les courants inhibiteurs dans une cellule (par exemple, dans des environnements in vivo et in vitro)

Systèmes, procédés et compositions pour stimulation optique de cellules cibles

Cette invention concerne des methodes destinees a traiter les dysfonctionnements de la vessie, comprenant l'hyperreflexivite du detrusor et la dyssynergie detrusor-sphincter externe, l'incontinence fecale, et/ou les troubles sexuels chez un individu par utilisation de proteines d'opsine photoreactives exprimees de maniere stable, qui sont capables d'hyperpolariser ou de depolariser selectivement les cellules neurales qui innervent les muscles responsables du fonctionnement physiologique de la vessie, du sphincter urinaire externe, du sphincter anal externe, et des organes genitaux mâles et femelles.

Compositions et méthodes destinées à traiter les troubles neurogènes du plancher pelvien

Methods, systems and devices are implemented in connection with light-responsive ion channel molecules. One such method is implemented using a light-activated ion channel molecule that responds to a light stimulus. The method includes engineering the light-activated ion channel molecule in a cell; and activating the ion channel molecule, in response to light stimulus that is provided to the ion channel molecule and that has properties that do not activate a ChR2 ion channel, to allow ions to pass through the light-activated ion channel molecule.

System comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a volvox carteri light-activated ion channel protein (VCHR1)

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