We report on the characterization of four HAWAII Hybrid Si CMOS detectors (HCD) developed for use as X-ray
detectors as part of a joint program between Penn State University and Teledyne Imaging Sensors (TIS).
Interpixel capacitive crosstalk (IPC) has been measured for standard H1RG detectors as well as a specially
developed H2RG that uses a unique bonding structure. The H2RG shows significant reduction in IPC, as reported
by Griffith et al. 2012. Energy resolution at 1.5 & 5.9 keV was measured as well as read noise for each detector.
Dark current as a function of temperature is reported from 150 – 210 K and dark current figures of merit are
estimated for each detector. We also discuss upcoming projects including testing of a new HCD called the
Speedster-EXD. This prototype detector will have a low noise, high gain CTIA to reduce IPC and read noise as
well as in-pixel CDS and event flagging. In the coming year PSU and TIS will begin work on a project to
incorporate CTIA and CDS circuitry into the ROIC of a HAWAII HCD like detector to satisfy the small pixel and
high rate needs of future X-ray observatories.

Characterization of Si Hybrid CMOS Detectors for use in the Soft X-ray Band

The BlackCAT CubeSat will monitor the soft x-ray sky, searching for high-redshift gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), gravitational-wave counterparts, and other high-energy transient events. BlackCAT will utilize a coded-aperture mask to localize sources to sub-arcminute precision. We investigate the primary forms of background that will affect this mission and present different methods to suppress these sources in order to increase the sensitivity of this mission. In the absence of mitigation, the optical and ultraviolet backgrounds could increase noise in the hybrid CMOS detectors (HCDs) used in this mission and potentially trigger spurious events. We plan to use a polyimide filter to suppress extreme ultraviolet emission produced by the geocorona. The HCDs and polyimide filter will be coated with a thin aluminum layer to block optical light. We estimate the magnitude of the observed cosmic and galactic X-ray backgrounds. Additionally, we investigate the impact of trapped particles on the sensitivity and duty cycle of the mission. We discuss the effect of these various sources of background on the sensitivity of BlackCAT to GRBs and other transient events.

Estimating the background of the BlackCAT CubeSat and its impact on science observations

Characterization and development of an event-driven hybrid CMOS x-ray detector

Next-generation X-ray observatories, such as the Lynx X-ray Observatory Mission Concept, will require detectors with high quantum efficiency (QE) across the soft X-ray band to observe the faint objects that drive their mission science cases. Hybrid CMOS Detectors (HCDs), a form of active-pixel sensor, are promising candidates for use on these missions because of their faster read-out, lower power consumption, and greater radiation hardness than detectors used in the current generation of X-ray telescopes. In this work, we present QE measurements of a Teledyne H2RG HCD. These measurements were performed using a gas-flow proportional counter as a reference detector to measure the absolute flux incident on the HCD. We find an effective QE of $95.0 \pm 1.1\%$ at the Mn K$\alpha$/K$\beta$ lines (at 5.9 and 6.5 keV), $98.5 \pm 1.8\%$ at the Al K$\alpha$ line (1.5 keV), and $85.0 \pm 2.8\%$ at the O K$\alpha$ line (0.52 keV).

Measuring the Quantum Efficiency of X-Ray Hybrid CMOS Detectors

BlackCAT is a NASA CubeSat mission planned to be launch-ready in early 2025. Using a wide-field telescope, this 6U CubeSat will monitor the soft x-ray sky, searching for high-redshift Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), gravitational-wave counterparts, and other transient events. After detecting burst events, BlackCAT will be capable of transmitting rapid alerts to enable prompt follow-up observations. The instrument is composed of a coded-aperture telescope using an array of event-driven x-ray Hybrid CMOS Detectors (HCDs) in its focal plane. In this paper, we provide a brief update on the design and status of the mission.

Current status of the BlackCAT CubeSat

We discuss the joint development by Penn State University (PSU) and Teledyne Imaging Systems (TIS) of hybrid CMOS detectors for X-ray astronomy, and specifically the development over the past 10 years of a new event-driven X-ray detector for future astronomy missions. This novel X-ray detector is designed to perform onchip event recognition and to read out only pixels containing X-ray events. With the exception of analog power supply voltages, the detector is digital in/digital out, reducing off-chip electronics to a minimum. It operates at frame rates of over 1000 frames per second, providing excellent performance for bright X-ray sources and/or high-throughput optics. The pixel size is 40 × 40 microns, and we are fabricating devices with 550 × 550 pixels.

Event-driven detectors for soft x-ray astronomy

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Event-driven detectors for soft x-ray astronomy