Solid-oil separation of coal tar residue to reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via microwave-assisted extraction.

Efficient removal of uranium from wastewater is of great significance to the environment and human health. Herein, a novel electrode composed of carbon felt-anchored phosphorus-functionalized tungsten trioxide nanosheets (P-WO3@CF) was designed for electrochemical extraction of UO22+ from uranium-containing wastewater. The induced P in WO3@CF not only improves the conductivity to accelerate electron transfer, but also offers surface PO species to capture UO22+ for subsequent electrochemical reduction. Besides, the decoration of WO3 and P-WO3 greatly enhanced the hydrophilicity of electrode. As a result, the required voltage was significantly reduced for the electrochemical extraction of UO22+ by using P-WO3@CF. The extraction efficiency of UO22+ reached 98.8 % within 240 min at −2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) by the P-WO3@CF electrode. Moreover, the P-WO3@CF electrode also exhibited significant antijamming capability for UO22+ extraction in complex aqueous environment with several interfering metal ions. This work provides a new strategy to design novel electrode for efficient extraction of uranium from aqueous solutions. 

Phosphorus functionalized tungsten trioxide nanosheets loaded on three-dimensional carbon felt for efficient electrochemical uranium extraction

Herein, “knitted” tetrabenzo-24-crown-8 ether sulfonate (X-S-TB24CE8) was prepared to afford a practical hydrophilic Cs+ adsorbent. Cyclic TB24CE8 ligands were hyper-crosslinked with dimethoxymethane in the presence of Cs+ template followed by sulfonation to introduce -SO3- groups. Thorough characterization of X-S-TB24CE8 using FTIR, TGA, EA, N2 adsorption/desorption, DLS, XPS, and SEM-EDX confirms its hydrophilic nature and thermal stability. It possesses a granulated porous structure that can be easily recovered by filtration. Removal of Cs+ by X-S-TB24CE8 involves a 1:1:2 TB24CE8:Cs+:SO3- coordination with additional Cs+···SO3- interaction from free sulfonate groups. The Cs+ adsorption follows the Sips isotherm model (Qmax = 233.07 mg g−1) and pseudo-second order kinetics (k2 = 2.63 × 10−3 g mg−1 min−1). In seawater containing Cs+, X-S-TB24CE8 exhibits a strong preference for Cs+ over Na+ (αNa+Cs+= 483), K+ (αK+Cs+= 76), Mg2+ (αMg2+Cs+= 66), and Ca2+ (αCa2+Cs+= 35). X-S-TB24CE8 demonstrated consistent adsorption/desorption performance without undergoing any physical or chemical decomposition. These findings indicate that X-S-TB24CE8 holds significant potential as a competitive and practical adsorbent for Cs+ sequestration. 

“Knitted” tetrabenzo-24-crown-8 ether sulfonates as reusable and practical hydrophilic adsorbent for aqueous Cs+ sequestration

Efficient recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from wastewater is crucial for advancing resource utilization and environmental protection. Herein, a novel nitrogen-rich hydrogel adsorbent (PEI-ALG@KLN) was synthesized by modifying coated kaolinite-alginate composite hydrogels with polyethylenimine through polyelectrolyte interactions and Schiff's base reaction. Various characterizations revealed that the high selective adsorption capacity of Ho (155 mg/g) and Nd (125 mg/g) on PEI-ALG@KLN is due to a combination of REEs (Lewis acids) via coordination interactions with nitrogen-containing functional groups (Lewis bases) and electrostatic interactions; its adsorption capacity remains more than 85 % after five adsorption-desorption cycles. In waste NdFeB magnet hydrometallurgical wastewater, the recovery rate of PEI-ALG@KLN for Nd and Dy can reach more than 93 %, whereas that of Fe is only 5.04 %. Machine learning prediction was used to evaluate adsorbent properties via different predictive models, with the random forest (RF) model showing superior predictive accuracy. The order of significance for adsorption capacity was pH > time > initial concentration > electronegativity > ion radius, as indicated by the RF model feature importance analysis and SHapley Additive exPlanations values. These results confirm that PEI-ALG@KLN has considerable potential in the selective extraction of REEs from wastewater. 

Novel nitrogen-rich hydrogel adsorbent for selective extraction of rare earth elements from wastewater

A novel approach based on polydimethylsiloxane/graphene oxide/deep eutectic solvent (PDMS/GO/DES) sponge headspace solid phase extraction followed by GC-MS was successfully developed to determine the volatile components in cumin. The PDMS/GO/DES exhibits outstanding properties with high adsorption capacity and good chemical stability, and has shown its potentiality as an ideal adsorbent for the extraction of volatile compounds. The influence factors of the extraction process were investigated. Excellent analytical performances were achieved, including wide linearity (0.60-107.72 ng) with high correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.9951), low LODs (0.23-9.23 ng) and LOQs (0.54-18.47 ng), satisfactory precision (intra-day RSDs ≤ 2.85% and inter-day RSDs ≤ 3.92%). Under the optimal extraction conditions, the volatile components in 17 cumin samples from four origins in Xinjiang were analyzed and 31 compounds were identified. PCA was used to establish the relationship between the origins and the volatile compounds for further discriminant analysis. The results showed that the PDMS/GO/DES method was a rapid, simple and sensitive technique for the analysis of volatile components in spices.

Determination of volatile components in cumin by microwave-assisted PDMS/GO/DES headspace solid phase extraction combined with GC-MS.

Effect of polar molecular organic solvents on non-aqueous solvent extraction of rare-earth elements

A non-aqueous solvent extraction (NASX) process for the separation of cobalt and nickel from ethylene glycol and glycerol/water feed solutions using the ionic liquid Cyphos IL 101 has been investigated. The use of undiluted Cyphos IL 101 was critically assessed and compared with solvent extraction systems in which toluene, p-cymene, Shellsol A150, and Shellsol GS190 were used as diluents. While the extraction of cobalt(II) chloride from aqueous solution was possible only at high chloride concentrations, extraction percentages of cobalt higher than 80 % were observed from ethylene glycol and glycerol/water feeds containing 0.8 mol·L-1 NaCl. Separation factors over 40,000 for cobalt and nickel could be achieved for extraction with undiluted Cyphos IL 101 from 2.4 mol·L-1 NaCl ethylene glycol and 1.6 mol·L-1 NaCl glycerol feeds. The distribution ratio of cobalt increased with increasing temperatures in both NASX systems. Studies on the mutual solubility showed that Cyphos IL 101 is highly soluble in ethylene glycol at 21 °C (i.e. phosphorus contents up to 432 mg∙L-1), but it turned out that impurities contributed for 400 mg∙L-1 to this value. On the other hand, only 87 mg∙L-1 of Cyphos IL 101 dissolved in glycerol at 21 °C. Finally, a conceptual flowsheet for the separation of cobalt and nickel by NASX is presented, including extraction, stripping, and recovery of the solvents. 

Separation of cobalt and nickel from ethylene glycol and glycerol feed solution in chloride media by non-aqueous solvent extraction with Cyphos IL 101

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Effect of polar molecular organic solvents on non-aqueous solvent extraction of rare-earth elements

Separation of cobalt and nickel from ethylene glycol and glycerol feed solution in chloride media by non-aqueous solvent extraction with Cyphos IL 101