In the field of tissue engineering, conductive hydrogels have been the most effective biomaterials to mimic the biological and electrical properties of tissues in the human body. The main advantages of conductive hydrogels include not only their physical properties but also their adequate electrical properties, which provide electrical signals to cells efficiently. However, when introducing a conductive material into a non-conductive hydrogel, a conflicting relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties may develop. This review examines the strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles, carbons, and conductive polymers. The fabrication method of blending, coating, and in situ polymerization is also added. Furthermore, the applications of conductive hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, and bone tissue engineering and skin regeneration are discussed in detail.

Incorporation of Conductive Materials into Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications

Light and oxygen-enabled sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate-mediated selective oxidation of C–H bonds

Due to its great relevance to environmental, biological, and chemical processes, the precise detection of pH or acidic/basic species is an ongoing and imperative need. In this context, pH-sensitive luminescent systems are highly desired. We reported a three-dimensional Zn(II) MOF synthesized from a bipyridyl-tetracarboxylic ligand and composed of 4-fold interpenetrated diamond frameworks. Because the steric hindrance in the ligand prevents metal coordination with the pyridyl group, the MOF features free basic N sites accessible to the small H+ ions, which renders pH responsivity. The aqueous dispersion exhibits an abrupt, high-contrast, and reversible on-off fluorescence transition in the narrow pH range of 5.4-6.2. The sensitive bistable system can be used for the precise monitoring of pH within the range and for use as a pH-triggered optical switch. The responsive mechanism through pyridyl protonation is collaboratively supported by data fitting, absorption spectra, and molecular orbital calculations. In particular, spectral and theoretical analyses reveal the destruction of n → π* transitions and the appearance of intramolecular charge-transfer transitions upon pyridyl protonation. Moreover, by virtue of the pH-responsive fluorescence, the MOF shows appealing sensing performance for the detection of 3-nitropropionic acid, a major mycotoxin in moldy sugar cane.

A pH-Sensing Fluorescent Metal-Organic Framework: pH-Triggered Fluorescence Transition and Detection of Mycotoxin.

Global energy demand is increasing; thus, emerging renewable energy sources, such as organic solar cells (OSCs), are fundamental to mitigate the negative effects of fuel consumption. Within OSC’s advancements, the development of efficient and stable interface materials is essential to achieve high performance, long-term stability, low costs, and broader applicability. Inorganic and nanocarbon-based materials show a suitable work function, tunable optical/electronic properties, stability to the presence of moisture, and facile solution processing, while organic conducting polymers and small molecules have some advantages such as fast and low-cost production, solution process, low energy payback time, light weight, and less adverse environmental impact, making them attractive as hole transporting layers (HTLs) for OSCs. This review looked at the recent progress in metal oxides, metal sulfides, nanocarbon materials, conducting polymers, and small organic molecules as HTLs in OSCs over the past five years. The endeavors in research and technology have optimized the preparation and deposition methods of HTLs. Strategies of doping, composite/hybrid formation, and modifications have also tuned the optical/electrical properties of these materials as HTLs to obtain efficient and stable OSCs. We highlighted the impact of structure, composition, and processing conditions of inorganic and organic materials as HTLs in conventional and inverted OSCs.

/pdf/recent-advances-in-hole-transporting-layers-for-organic-2y39d9ve.pdf

Recent Advances in Hole-Transporting Layers for Organic Solar Cells

Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer steps, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have been principally responsible for managing the energy flow in the biosphere of our planet since the Great Oxygen Event. It is impossible to imagine living organisms without charge transport mediated by ion channels, or electron and proton transfer mediated by redox enzymes. Concurrently, transfer and transport of electrons and holes drive the functionalities of electronic and photonic devices that are intricate for our lives. While fueling advances in engineering, charge-transfer science has established itself as an important independent field, originating from physical chemistry and chemical physics, focusing on paradigms from biology, and gaining momentum from solar-energy research. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of charge transfer, and outline its core role in a broad range of unrelated fields, such as medicine, environmental science, catalysis, electronics and photonics. The ubiquitous nature of dipoles, for example, sets demands on deepening the understanding of how localized electric fields affect charge transfer. Charge-transfer electrets, thus, prove important for advancing the field and for interfacing fundamental science with engineering. Synergy between the vastly different aspects of charge-transfer science sets the stage for the broad global impacts that the advances in this field have.

Multifaceted aspects of charge transfer

Structural and electronic properties of 2,2',6,6'-tetraphenyl-dipyranylidene and its use as a hole-collecting interfacial layer in organic solar cells

2,2’,6,6’-tetraphenyl-4,4’-dipyranylidene (DIPO-Ph4) was grown by vacuum-deposition on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The films were characterized by atomic force microscopy and synchrotron radiation UV and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to gain an insight into the material growth and to better understand the electronic properties of the DIPO-Ph4/ITO interface. Results show formation of cationic DIPO-Ph4 at ITO interface with a charge transfer from the organic layer to the anode material. This has been confronted to DFT calculations. We present as a conclusion the energetic diagram of the DIPO-Ph4/ITO system and some perspectives with a typical photovoltaic active layer: P3HT:PCBM.

/pdf/energy-level-alignment-of-a-hole-transport-organic-layer-and-1kv52f6k4q.pdf

Energy-Level Alignment of a Hole-Transport Organic Layer and ITO: Toward Applications for Organic Electronic Devices

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Structural and electronic properties of 2,2',6,6'-tetraphenyl-dipyranylidene and its use as a hole-collecting interfacial layer in organic solar cells

Energy-Level Alignment of a Hole-Transport Organic Layer and ITO: Toward Applications for Organic Electronic Devices