Universities currently employ manual and partial digital methods for managing examinations, which involve extensive paperwork and consume significant time. This approach raises significant issues, such as time-consuming processes, errors, poor exam and result quality, submission delays, plagiarism, inaccurate grading, and a lack of security. Lecturers face challenges when creating exam questions for every subject every semester, often reusing previous questions without considering their quality, failing educational quality standards. The marking of exam scripts is often rushed to meet deadlines, leading to substandard grading, and the entire process is time-consuming and requires unnecessary effort. Un considerable amount of paper is utilized, and the storage of exam scripts occupies substantial physical space, posing the risk of damage or loss. A novel approach was proposed via Intelligent Green Examination Structure based on fog computing to address these issues. This innovative structure aims to transform traditional examination procedures into an automated, intelligent, and secure system that reduces human involvement and ensures high-quality outcomes. This research focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered digital exam management structure based on Fog Computing in enhancing the efficiency and security of exam administration. The structure of this paper begins with a problem discussion, hypothesis, objectives, significance of the research, literature review, and research methodology. 

A Review Study of an Intelligent Strategy Towards Higher Education Examination Management Structure Based on Fog Computing

Online Teaching has been an effective method to meet a great number of learners at the global level. Learning this way leads the eager learners to find different ways to discover new horizons of knowledge. The online content of language learning has led many information seekers to concentrate on the acquisition of exuberant language skills. This paper study various methods and techniques that could be used to connect diverse information aspirants. Challenges are also being discussed in the existing eligible system for online language teaching. The virtual classroom here is designed with cyberspace to create a language learning atmosphere. The paper outlines the reasoning, design, including the use of these lesson plans that facilitate action and reflection across the learning cycle. The techniques and approaches set out in this paper will provide insight into the outcome of the initiative. This research also provides a look at the shots of online teaching. This study examines potential approaches and techniques and explores the wider possibilities and varied prospects for achieving the objective of helping the target group of students to achieve their goals. Possibilities have brought more benefits not only to the pupils, but also to the aspirants, irrespective of their age group. It also suggests some potential online training methodologies for teachers to take classes online.

/pdf/online-language-teaching-methods-and-strategies-1op2am468u.pdf

Online Language Teaching: Methods and Strategies, Possibilities and Opportunities

The election is one of the factors due to which democracy fails as a system in place. Today, countries like India, the US, and even Japan are still facing accusations like vote rigging, lack of transparency, and hacking of EVMs. The latest election held in India, even in a situation like this pandemic, has led us to question whether our government parties are not concerned about people's well-being in their fight for power or are simply turning a deaf ear to the issue. Voting is one of the core pillars of democracy. There have been continual attempts to improve the methodology and procedures for achieving a valid, open voting system. E-voting was one the solutions for solving some issues but due to security and privacy concerns, it was not widely adopted. Blockchain technology is an emerging, decentralized technology that is promising to improve various aspects of many industries. The solution to alleviate current problems in E-voting might be to extend E-voting further into blockchain technology. An Ethereum blockchain-based decentralized voting system, named MYVOTE that protects individual voter privacy and improves accessibility while ensuring fairness, protection, and cost-efficiency, is proposed in this paper. The system also preserves the confidentiality and ease of access of the individual voter while maintaining transparency, security, and efficiency in the voting process. The strong authentication mechanism is inculcated to ensure the authenticity of system. 

Comparative Study of Blockchain-Based Voting Solutions

This research study examines the profound impact of IoT (Internet of Things) technology within smart education systems. It delves into how IoT can improve accessibility, engagement, and individualized learning experiences for students, regardless of their backgrounds. Additionally, the research emphasizes the necessity for educational institutions to embrace IoT solutions to maintain competitiveness in our interconnected world. While also addressing security and privacy concerns, it underscores the evident benefits of implementing IoT in educational settings. This study also discusses and shows a few real-life case studies across the globe wherein many universities have already implemented the IoT technology and are benefitting from the same. Through effective utilization of IoT, we can establish a more dynamic and efficient educational ecosystem, empowering students, supporting educators, and equipping future generations for the challenges and opportunities of the digital era.

Empowering Education: Exploring the Impact of IoT in Smart Learning Environments

Conventional voting activities are often replaced by electronic voting (EV) in light of the quick expansion of the Internet. For a variety of reasons, various nations have lately switched to EV rather than conventional voting. Different EV systems were presented up to this point. In both practical and theoretical fields, on the other hand, there is no perfect solution. To meet such objectives, the researchers strive for preserving cryptographic primitives when developing high-efficiency e-voting schemes. The concept of fog computing was developed to improve network infrastructure to satisfy the demands of large amounts of data the same time as also increasing the efficiency of the processing power. Also, it has been created as well to address concerns with Cloud computing, like the distribution environment complexity, real-time response, mobility, and IoT application location awareness. The concentration of this study was on a complete review regarding the systems of EVs through various scholars as a platform to detect flaws or problems in the deployment of extremely secure EV systems. In addition, nations having a history of EV system adoption were examined. A concept for future work on establishing a safe EV system depends on problems discovered in numerous works.

Index Terms— fog computing, security, E-voting, cryptographic, cloud computing.

A Review: E-voting Security in Mobile Fog computing

Smart Education System makes efficient use of IT technology that takes advantage of IoT andcloud computing technologies to track and act on multiple educational system components. Tomaximize the battery life of IoT nodes, the systems need to provide access to nodes and gatewaysby that introduce an architecture that allows not only the latest wireless and wired technologies toprovide a fair communication range but also reduced energy usage. Like other sectors integratingintelligent cultures, the education sector is no exception to this. The IoT confirms its importantrole in the field of Information and Communication Technology and social growth. More devicesare linked in education; campus leaders will be able to derive even more value from the continuousstream of data and knowledge, helping them transition from a transactional relationship to aniterative process with students, teachers, administrators, and providers. A small, person-centeredenvironment helps smart campuses to complement and fit with the overall smart environmentstrategy, allowing educational institutions to achieve full productivity, promote sustainability, andenhance their constituents' everyday conditions. This analysis of the literature is generated usingthe secondary data obtained by reviewing a good number of papers published in journals and onlinesources. The study aims to explain IoT's use in the growth of the Smart Education System. Thelimitation of the study is that it deals only with the subject matter's application components whichleave physical components.

/pdf/application-of-iot-in-the-development-of-intelligent-44fsl8s0zu.pdf

Application of IoT in the Development of Intelligent Education System – A Thematic Literature Review

Elections are the backbone of democracy. It is through elections that individuals assert their voice, their perspectives, and choose a person whose philosophies most complement them. Elections allow citizens to choose their representatives. They are also important for the people to express their resentment at the ruling government. When there is high voter participation, the election process is considered successful. Unfortunately, developing countries such as India are facing a decline in the turnout. People in rural areas move to metropolitan cities or other countries, in most developing countries to make their livelihood or schooling. During elections, visiting their hometown and casting their votes becomes burdensome for them because of their commitment to their workplace. Challenges in moving to poll places and sometimes adverse weather conditions, cause people to miss the chance to choose the candidate of their choice. People with disabilities and senior citizens also refuse to go to the polling station due to travel-related difficulty. Therefore, many elections record only 50-70 percent electoral turnout, sometimes, even less than 50%. Only when all eligible voters are granted fair opportunities to exercise their franchise then only such a democratic system is considered fool proof. The need for the hour is such a fool proof framework that enables all eligible voters to cast their vote by visiting Polling Station or doing so remotely. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for the Integrated, Smart, and Secure Remote Public Voting System (SSRPVS) that allows voters from any part of India to exercise their franchise without moving place to place and wasting time and money. To develop the Framework, emerging technologies such as IoT, Cloud Computing, Edge Computing, Blockchain, and Data Analytics are included. The system will guarantee security through four different levels, Smart Voting Card based on RFID, One Time Password, Thumb Recognition, and Retina Recognition. The only theoretical model of the system that is open for further analysis and development is provided here.

/pdf/a-conceptual-framework-for-the-integrated-smart-and-secure-2k3ywwntr4.pdf

A Conceptual Framework for the Integrated, Smart and Secure Remote Public Voting System (SSRPVS)

The goal of the election is not only to determine the outcomes but also to lend credence to the winners, even for those voters who did not bother voting for them. This underlines the necessity of holding free, fair, and hidden elections. Component of all this is that elections are controlled by open and accountable, neutral, and autonomous electoral-management bodies. Utilizing technology in voting procedures can make it quicker, more efficient, and less susceptible to security breaches. The technology can ensure the safety of every vote, better and faster and much more accurate counting and automatic tallying. The design of a sophisticated voting system is a complex task as it has to fulfill several essential criteria. The secrecy of an elector’s poll is to be well-preserved. The voting system should not give any evidence that proves which candidate receives a particular voter’s vote. The process uses minimum paper documents and is therefore environmentally friendly. Bio-metric or retina scans can be used to ensure security. The e-voting system is vulnerable to several serious attacks from external sources. There is indeed a likelihood that anybody who has immediate access to the e-voting system can access it suspiciously. Malevolent software can steal one candidate's votes and assign them to some other. An attacker may deny officials access to the e-voting arrangement or render an e-voting structure unavailable for the Election Day voting process. This is known as a service denial (DoS) attack. But this kind of threat is hard to detect. A large number of questionable and invalid votes are the big problem with traditional paper-ballot based voting system. This phenomenon will be eliminated if the e-voting system is used. In addition to the speed of counting and reduction of errors the e-voting system offers some more advantages such as accessibility, verifiability, and availability. When the e-voting system is integrated with the Internet, any eligible voter can vote from anywhere as there will be two or more levels of authenticity checks. In this paper, the authors reviewed the application of technology in the development of smart, secure, and versatile public voting systems. Also, they outlined research gaps and recommend new approaches to the existing systems.

/pdf/role-of-technology-in-the-development-of-smart-and-secure-4g7ij4sri5.pdf

Role of Technology in the Development of Smart and Secure Public Voting Systems – a Review of Literatures

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Application of IoT in the Development of Intelligent Education System – A Thematic Literature Review

A Conceptual Framework for the Integrated, Smart and Secure Remote Public Voting System (SSRPVS)

Role of Technology in the Development of Smart and Secure Public Voting Systems – a Review of Literatures