This article provides an in-depth analysis of various fabrication methods of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNP), including chemical, biological, and physical techniques. The review explores BNP's diverse uses, from well-known applications such as sensing water treatment and biomedical uses to less-studied areas like breath sensing for diabetes monitoring and hydrogen storage. It cites results from over 1000 researchers worldwide and >300 peer-reviewed articles. Additionally, the article discusses current trends, actionable recommendations, and the importance of synthetic analysis for industry players looking to optimize manufacturing techniques for specific applications. The article also evaluates the pros and cons of various fabrication methods, highlighting the potential of plant extract synthesis for mass production of capped BNPs. However, it warns that this method may not be suitable for certain applications requiring ligand-free surfaces. In contrast, physical methods like laser ablation offer better control and reactivity, especially for applications where ligand-free surfaces are critical. The report underscores the environmental benefits of plant extract synthesis compared to chemical methods that use hazardous chemicals and pose risks to extraction, production, and disposal. The article emphasizes the need for life cycle assessment (LCA) articles in the literature, given the growing volume of research on nanotechnology materials. This article caters to researchers at all stages and applies to various fields applying nanomaterials. 

A review of physical, chemical and biological synthesis methods of bimetallic nanoparticles and applications in sensing, water treatment, biomedicine, catalysis and hydrogen storage.

Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. Bioceramics can be prepared from diverse inorganic substances, but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-based formulations only, due to its chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 50 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the CaPO4-based implants would remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they would be resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed, and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now, CaPO4-based scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are usually porous and harbor various biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery. Prospective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because CaPO4 appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides, and various types of cells.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/12/10/1380/pdf?version=1663920727

Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications

Direct Laser Writing (DLW) has been increasingly selected as a microfabrication route for efficient, cost-effective, high-resolution material synthesis and conversion. Concurrently, lasers participate in the patterning and assembly of functional geometries in several fields of application, of which electronics stand out. In this review, we survey and outline recent advances and strategies based on DLW for electronics microfabrication, based on laser material growth strategies. First, we summarize the main DLW parameters influencing material synthesis and transformation mechanisms, aimed at selective, tailored writing of conductive and semiconducting materials. Additive and transformative DLW processing mechanisms are discussed, to open space to explore several categories of materials directly synthesized or transformed for electronics microfabrication. These include metallic conductors, metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides and carbides, laser-induced graphene, and their mixtures. By accessing a wide range of material types, DLW-based electronic applications are explored, including processing components, energy harvesting and storage, sensing, and bioelectronics. The expanded capability of lasers to participate in multiple fabrication steps at different implementation levels, from material engineering to device processing, indicates their future applicability to next-generation electronics, where more accessible, green microfabrication approaches integrate lasers as comprehensive tools. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 

Direct Laser Writing: From Materials Synthesis and Conversion to Electronic Device Processing.

Sintering mechanism of size-controllable Cu-Ag core-shell nanoparticles for flexible conductive film with high conductivity, antioxidation, and electrochemical migration resistance

Lasers that exhibit monochromaticity, directionality, coherence, and focusability have been used in health care and defense industries for over five decades. Recently, the application of lasers in medical and biomedical devices has increased significantly. Considering biomedical devices and materials are attached to the skin or implanted into the body, the immune response, inflammation control, cell adhesion, migration, and biocompatibility of the device must be investigated. Therefore, researchers are actively studying laser processing technology to control these problems. In this study, we present the different types of selective laser–material interaction techniques used in biomedical devices and materials and their characteristics. Additionally, we demonstrate how to determine the type and related processes associated with biomedical devices based on the desired treatment by depicting examples, principles, and process conditions applied to the device.

Recent advances in selective laser–material interaction for biomedical device applications

Laser sintering of hydroxyapatite for potential fabrication of bioceramic scaffolds

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) of ~ 6 nm in size were synthesized by the reduction of silver 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetate by benzyl alcohol acting both as the solvent and as the reducer. The as-synthesized Ag NPs were dispersed in a mixture of nontoxic solvents with different boiling temperatures (butanol and propylene glycol ethers) to prepare ink. The ink was spin-coated on polyimide films and processed with thermal and laser sintering. After thermal sintering, the silver films have a non-uniform structure and contain many voids, causing their resistivity to be quite high (28 µΩ×cm). Laser sintering of the Ag NPs inks spin-coated on a polyimide film using a fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.064 µm in a pulse-periodic mode results in a uniform film structure, almost without voids, with a lower resistivity of 2.3 µΩ×cm. Laser sintering in this case is a promising method to fabricate conductive patterns on various substrates, including polymer flexible ones.

/pdf/features-of-the-formation-of-conductive-films-during-thermal-3m8jp2hooz.pdf

Features of the formation of conductive films during thermal and laser sintering of silver nanoparticles stabilized by an ethoxylated carboxylic acid

Laser sintering of Cu@Ag core-shell nanoparticles for printed electronics applications

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Laser sintering of hydroxyapatite for potential fabrication of bioceramic scaffolds

Features of the formation of conductive films during thermal and laser sintering of silver nanoparticles stabilized by an ethoxylated carboxylic acid

Laser sintering of Cu@Ag core-shell nanoparticles for printed electronics applications