Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack, produce atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney infection, blindness, end-stage renal infection, and cardiovascular diseases. Many mechanisms are involved in causing hypertension, i.e., via calcium channels, alpha and beta receptors, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS has an important role in blood pressure control and is also involved in the metabolism of glucose, homeostasis, and balance of electrolytes in the body. The components of RAS that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure are angiotensinogen, Ang I (angiotensin I), Ang II (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), and ACE 2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). These components provide for relevant therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension, and various drugs are commercially available that target individual components of RAS. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors are the most popular among these drugs. ACE is chosen in this review as it makes an important target for blood pressure control because it converts Ang I into Ang II and also acts on the vasodilator, bradykinin, to degrade it into inactive peptides. This review highlights various aspects of blood pressure regulation in the body with a focus on ACE, drugs targeting the components involved in regulation, their associated side effects, and a need to shift to alternative therapy for putative hypertension treatment in the form of bioactive peptides from food.

/pdf/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-and-hypertension-a-systemic-35zgf702.pdf

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Hypertension: A Systemic Analysis of Various ACE Inhibitors, Their Side Effects, and Bioactive Peptides as a Putative Therapy for Hypertension

Arterial hypertension (HT) takes leading position in the structure of morbidity and mortality among the cardiovascular diseases in the economically developed and developing countries of the world. Despite progress in treatment of this disease, a number of people with uncontrolled or resistant HT increases. There is a problem of inefficiency of therapy or lack of patients' adherence to treatment. Therefore, search for new approaches to treatment of HT continues. Current most effective agents for blood pressure control, and possible future antihypertensive agents, are related to groups of agents, which inhibit renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). Novel targets for antihypertensive therapy could include the angiotensin II type 2 and type 1 receptor , neutral endopeptidase, aldosterone synthase, renalase, endothelin receptors, (pro)renin receptors, vaccine against RAAS components. Development of novel agents and approaches to HT therapy is discussed.

/pdf/current-target-of-antihypertensive-therapy-data-from-4ujkbjxpiw.pdf

Current target of antihypertensive therapy. data from clinical trials. part 1

High blood pressurewas the leading cause of death and disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Despite progress in treatment of hypertension, a number of people with uncontrolled or resistant hypertension increases. Hypertensive disorders are strongly linked with an overactive renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has been a highly successful pharmacologic target, as the system is strongly implicated in the development of hypertension-related target organ damage.Inhibition of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, using inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme or angiotensin II receptor blockers, is an effective way to intervene with the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension.Renin inhibitors block the renin-angiotensin aldosterone systemat the highest level, at its origin, and might thus offer a new exciting approach for pharmacotherapy of hypertension. Aliskiren, an octanamide, is the firstof a new class of completely non-peptide, low-molecular-weight, orally active transition-state renin inhibitors and only approved for the treatment of hypertension.summarizes the available data on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of aliskiren and its clinical role for treatment of arterial hypertension.

/pdf/direct-renin-inhibitors-in-arterial-hypertension-treatment-534whfxs9m.pdf

Direct renin inhibitors in arterial hypertension treatment

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Direct renin inhibitors in arterial hypertension treatment