抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping ...

Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

Incorporating gold nanowires into scaffolds used to create heart patches can improve electrical communication between cells and enhance the growth of tissues.

Nanowired three-dimensional cardiac patches

Alginate and alginate composites for biomedical applications.

Fibrous materials usually have good mechanical, heat-resistant, acid-resistant, alkali-resistant and moisture regained properties which originate from its composition, condensed structure and crosslinking styles. However, these materials often lack of good electrical conductivity, flame retardance, anti-static and anti-radiation properties which are desired for varied specific applications. Graphene, as a new emerging nanocarbon material, has some unique properties including superb thermal and electrical conductivity, strong mechanical and anti-corrosive property, extremely high surface area etc. Therefore, graphene has attracted extensive interests in recent years. Upon modification with graphene, fibers exhibit a number of enhanced or new properties such as adsorption performance, anti-bacteria, hydrophobicity and conductivity which are beneficial for broader applications. In this review, the strategies to modify the fibers with graphene and the corresponding effects on the fibers as well as the relevant applications in varied areas were discussed.

Review of functionalization, structure and properties of graphene/polymer composite fibers

A method for wet spinning of alginate fibers with a high concentration of single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this paper, we present the analyses of surface tension of surfactant-stabilized dispersions of carbon nanotubes. This method allows one to study interactions of carbon nanotubes with surfactants at different levels of nanotube loading when optical methods fall short in quantifying the level of nanotube separation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as a stabilizing agent to uniformly disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes in an aqueous media. We show that surface tension is very sensitive to small changes of nanotube and surfactant concentrations. The experimental data suggest that, at moderate concentrations, surfactant displaces carbon nanotubes from the air–water interface and the nanotubes are mostly moved into the bulk of the liquid. By analyzing the surface tension as a function of surfactant concentration, we obtained the dependence of critical micelle concentration on nanotube loading. We then constructed the adsorption isotherm for dodecyl sulfate on carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotu...

Analysis of stability of nanotube dispersions using surface tension isotherms.

Wet-spun stimuli-responsive composite fi bers made of covalently crosslinked alginate with a high concentration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are electroconductive and sensitive to humidity, pH, and ionic strength, due to pH-tunable water absorbing properties of the covalently crosslinked alginate. The conductivity depends on the material swelling in humid atmosphere and aqueous solutions: the greater the swelling, the smaller is the electrical conductivity. The covalently crosslinked fi bers reversibly deform during the swelling/shrinking. In the swollen state, the fi bers are less conductive, while they return to the same level of conductivity after shrinking. This unique reversible change of electroconductivity of the SWCNT-alginate fi bers is due to the elastic deformation of the alginate network in the area of electrical contacts between SWCNT bundles arrested in the alginate matrix. Fibers of this kind can be used as a simple, robust, disposable, and biocompatible platform for electrotextiles, biosensors, and fl exible electronics in biomedical and biotechnological applications.

Wet‐Spun Stimuli‐Responsive Composite Fibers with Tunable Electrical Conductivity

A detailed understanding of the mechanistic principles which govern peptide and protein self-assembly is of considerable biomedical and biotechnological importance. Owing to the diversity of peptide and protein sequences which have been shown to aggregate into ordered structures, the ability to self-assemble is now recognized as an inherent feature of the polypeptide backbone. It is therefore of utmost importance to elucidate the rules governing the self-assembly process. De novo designed oligopeptides, based on sequences of alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues and containing complementary charge distributions, have shown the potential to self-assemble into hydrogels rich in β-sheet secondary structure. Here we present and characterize the unexpected self-assembly and hydrogel formation of AK-16, an alanine-rich oligopeptide, whose sequence does not abide by typical rules which allow for peptide self-organization. AK-16 spontaneously forms soluble, thermodynamically unstable β-sheet-rich aggre...

Anomalous Conformational Instability and Hydrogel Formation of a Cationic Class of Self-Assembling Oligopeptides

It looks amazing how butterflies and moths with their thin feeding trunk are being able to sip very thick liquids like nectar or animal extractions. Their sucking ability goes beyond that: one can observe butterflies and moths probing liquids from porous materials like fruit flesh or wet soils. This suggests that the suction pressure produced by these insects is sufficiently high. The estimates based on engineering hydraulic formulas show that the pressure can be greater than one atmosphere, i.e. it can be greater than that any vacuum pump could supply. In this experimental study, the principles of interfacial flows are used to carefully analyze the feeding mechanism of butterflies and moths. We document the feeding rates and proboscis behavior of Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in different situations: when butterfly feeds from droplets, from vials modeling floral cavities, and from porous materials modeling fruits, wet soils, or dung. Using high speed imaging and simple models, we propose a scenario of butterfly feeding which is based on capillary action. According to the proposed mechanism, the trunk of butterflies and moths works like a fountain pen where the air bubbles play a significant role in controlling fluid flow.

/pdf/butterfly-proboscis-as-a-biomicrofluidic-system-1u3vkx908n.pdf

Butterfly proboscis as a biomicrofluidic system

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