Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues

Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans is caused by the migration of animal hookworm larvae in the human skin. The disease mainly occurs in resource-poor communities in the developing world, but it is also reported sporadically in high-income countries and in tourists who have visited the tropics. Diagnosis is made clinically in the presence of a linear serpiginous track moving forward in the skin, associated with itching and a history of exposure. Itching is typically very intense and can prevent patients from sleeping. Bacterial superinfection occurs as a result of scratching. Treatment is based on oral drugs (albendazole or ivermectin) or the topical application of tiabendazole. To control hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans at the community level, regular treatment of dogs and cats with anthelmintic drugs is necessary, but this is seldom feasible in resource-poor settings. Animals should be banned from beaches and playgrounds. For protection at the individual level, unprotected skin should not come into contact with possibly contaminated soil.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473-3099(08)70098-7.pdf

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans.

Effects of anisakid nematodes Anisakis simplex (s.l.), Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.) and Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.) on fish and consumer health ☆

We evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in 504 people and the degree of association between environmental variables and parasites found in population, soil and water in a rural area of Argentina during 2002-2003. A structured survey was used to evaluate the environmental variables and fecal-human, soil and water samples were analyzed. The prevalence of parasites was 45.4%. Most prevalent protozoa were Blastocystis hominis (27.2%) and Giardia lamblia (6.9%), while the most prevalent helminth was Ascaris lumbricoides (3.8%). The analyzed environmental variables showing association (p < 0.05) with presence of parasites in population were: cardboard-tin or wooden house, dirt floor, home or communal water pump, faucet outside the house or public faucet and cesspool or latrine. Parasite forms were found in 82.3% of the soil samples and in 84.2% of the water samples. In both samples we found parasites that were also found in people. In this study we have found deficient sanitary conditions associated with presence of parasites in population and we have evidenced that contaminated soil and water were the source of these parasites.

/pdf/intestinal-parasitoses-and-environmental-factors-in-a-rural-115l8xea8v.pdf

Intestinal parasitoses and environmental factors in a rural population of Argentina, 2002-2003

Strongyloides stercoralis is rarely recognized as a major public health issue, probably because its burden is largely underestimated. We reviewed the literature (both PubMed and 'grey' literature) about the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Latin America, an area of presumable high endemicity. There were finally 88 papers involved in the analysis, covering the period between 1981 and 2011. Studies were heterogeneous in several aspects, such as the populations screened and the diagnostic methods used. Most of the studies relied on direct coproparasitological examination, which has low sensitivity for the detection of S. stercoralis larvae. The following countries presented areas of high prevalence (>20%): Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil. Globally, for most of the included countries it was not possible to define reliable data because of paucity and/or inadequacy of studies. S. stercoralis requires specific diagnostic methods for its detection; therefore, surveys should be specifically designed in order to avoid underestimation of the infection.

Prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Latin America: a systematic review of the literature.

From 1997 to 1999, we identified seven human cases of infection by fourth stage larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens in Chile. All identified larvae were coughed up by the patients. Subjects were 10-55 years old; five were female. Some patients complained of coughing, expectoration, pharyngeal pain, nausea or anal and nasal pruritus. Larvae of three patients were coughed up from 36 h to 7 days after having eaten raw (cebiche or sushi) or lightly fried fish. P. decipiens has a marine life cycle. Infective third stage larva develop to adult stage in pinniped mammals. The nematode eggs are voided with the host faeces and develop and hatch releasing third stage larvae. Some crustaceans and fish act as hosts of third stage larvae. Man is an accidental host for third or fourth stage larvae.

/pdf/human-infection-by-pseudoterranova-decipiens-nematoda-1y6ww8fv5g.pdf

Human infection by Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Chile: report of seven cases

Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic calves detected by microscopy and identified by immunochromatographic and molecular methods

* Unidad de Parasitologia Basico-Clinica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICBM), Facultad deMedicina, Universidad de Chile.** Laboratorio de Referencia de Parasitologia, Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile.*** Servicio de Gastroenterologia, Hospital Clinico Jose Joaquin Aguirre, Universidad de Chile.****Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil.Email: rmercado@machi.med.uchile.cl

/pdf/infecciones-por-protozoos-y-helmintos-intestinales-en-pre-4vjunzuxz6.pdf

Infecciones por protozoos y helmintos intestinales en pre-escolares y escolares de la Comuna de Colina, Santiago, Chile. 2003

Between November 2001 and December 2002, 600 dog fecal samples were collected in main squares and public parks of 13 cities in Chile, from the extreme north to the extreme south of the country. The samples were processed in the laboratory by centrifugal sedimentation and the Harada-Mori methods. T. canis eggs were found in 12 cities. Detection rates ranged from 1.9 to 12.5% with an average of 5.2%. Seven percent of the samples had eggs and 9.5% had rhabditoid and/or filariform larvae of Ancylostomatidae. Strongyloides stercoralis were not found. Squares and public parks in Chile pose a potential risk of exposure to visceral, ocular, and/or cutaneous larva migrans syndromes.

Exposure to larva migrans syndromes in squares and public parks of cities in Chile Exposição para síndromes de larva migrans em praças e parques públicos em cidades do Chile

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Human infection by Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Chile: report of seven cases

Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic calves detected by microscopy and identified by immunochromatographic and molecular methods

Infecciones por protozoos y helmintos intestinales en pre-escolares y escolares de la Comuna de Colina, Santiago, Chile. 2003

Exposure to larva migrans syndromes in squares and public parks of cities in Chile Exposição para síndromes de larva migrans em praças e parques públicos em cidades do Chile