In the article, the authors examined briefly the relationship between the politics and education in the history of culture. As a result, the authors confirmed the relevance of the politics of education. The possibilities of the politics of education to influence the ontology of the younger generations were examined. In particular, the influence of the politics of education on the development of society through the modernization of the teacher training system and the family policy of the State was examined. The authors focused mainly on clarifying the mechanism of influence of the politics of education in public schools. The authors came to the conclusion that one of the ways the politics of education affect the younger generations is creation of the certain “myth-triggered” and maintenance their relevance by using various sets of brain neuro-programming technologies. The authors examined the formation features, the sequence of actions, and the consequences of the impact of the myths-triggered such as “the need for space exploration” and “human exploration of Mars”.

/pdf/the-politics-of-education-and-its-impact-on-the-human-3c0ecosnqt.pdf

The Politics of Education and its Impact on the Human Exploration of Mars

The Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains (BASALT) research project is investigating tools, techniques, and strategies for conducting Mars scientific exploration extravehic...

Assessing the Acceptability of Science Operations Concepts and the Level of Mission Enhancement of Capabilities for Human Mars Exploration Extravehicular Activity

We understand and respect the points raised by Rummel and Conley (2017) in response to our initial Forum Article (Fairén et al., 2017), which we acknowledge are informed and literate. Unfortunately, they are also unconvincing. Their comments clearly illustrate why we are not searching for life on Mars today and why we haven’t done so during the last decades. Hereafter, we respond point by point to their remarks. We examine with special attention Rummel and Conley’s (2017) statement that ‘‘the Mars community is not convinced that a mission to attempt detection of extant martian life is a high priority,’’ because in our view this sentence reflects an alarming disconnection between the opinions of the NASA Planetary Protection Officers and the actual priorities, goals, and desires of the Mars community. Note that, to address their comments specifically, we cite them as they were presented by Rummel and Conley (2017). We conclude that searching for life on Mars before it is too late requires a reassessment of current policies.

/pdf/is-searching-for-martian-life-a-priority-for-the-mars-18g4g222rv.pdf

Is Searching for Martian Life a Priority for the Mars Community

Fairén et al. (2018, in this issue) identify ‘‘the most important scientific question driving Mars exploration; that is, has life occurred on Mars, in the past or at present, and how can we best answer this question with future Mars missions?’’ It should be stated up front that both of us also believe that a search for martian life, extinct and/or extant, is among the highest priorities for Mars science. Accepting that this objective is not up for debate, we further contend that such a high-priority search should be protected at a level consistent with its importance—that is, not be conducted in a way that could obscure evidence of martian life while carelessly introducing our own to the most hospitable places for Earth life on Mars—Special Regions. This is in contrast to the specifics proposed by Fairén et al. (2017), which involve searching for martian life using spacecraft that carry Earth contamination at levels likely to confound the desired result—and potentially other future human objectives at Mars. Despite what Fairén et al. (2018) seem to believe, current planetary protection policies are not to blame for the priorities of the NASA Mars Exploration Program—or other space agencies’ exploration programs— nor do arguments in favor of continued adherence to planetary protection policies, as they have been developed over decades by the international scientific community, ‘‘illustrate why we are not searching for life on Mars today and why we haven’t done so during the last decades.’’ Rather than revisiting the contentions of previous articles point-by-point, we here consider three decisions that need to be made when addressing the question, posed by Fairén et al., of how to detect martian life with future missions. These are

Inadvertently Finding Earth Contamination on Mars Should Not Be a Priority for Anyone.

Earth's biological and environmental evolution are intertwined and inseparable. This coevolution has become a fundamental concept in astrobiology and is key to the search for life beyond our planet. In the case of Mars, whether a coevolution took place is unknown, but analyzing the factors at play shows the uniqueness of each planetary experiment regardless of similarities. Early Earth and early Mars shared traits. However, biological processes on Mars, if any, would have had to proceed within the distinctive context of an irreversible atmospheric collapse, greater climate variability, and specific planetary characteristics. In that, Mars is an important test bed for comparing the effects of a unique set of spatiotemporal changes on an Earth-like, yet different, planet. Many questions remain unanswered about Mars' early environment. Nevertheless, existing data sets provide a foundation for an intellectual framework where notional coevolution models can be explored. In this framework, the focus is shifted from planetary-scale habitability to the prospect of habitats, microbial ecotones, pathways to biological dispersal, biomass repositories, and their meaning for exploration. Critically, as we search for biosignatures, this focus demonstrates the importance of starting to think of early Mars as a biosphere and vigorously integrating an ecosystem approach to landing site selection and exploration. Key Words: Astrobiology-Biosignatures-Coevolution of Earth and life-Mars. Astrobiology 18, 1-27.

The Coevolution of Life and Environment on Mars: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Robotic Exploration of Biosignatures

A human mission to Mars would present an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the earliest history of the solar system. This history that has largely been overwritten on Earth by active geological processing throughout its history, but on Mars, large swaths of the ancient crust remain exposed at the surface, allowing us to investigate martian processes at the earliest time periods when life first appeared on the Earth. Mars' surface has been largely frozen in place for 4 billion years, and after losing its atmosphere and magnetic field what re-mains is an ancient landscape of former hydrothermal systems, river beds, volcanic eruptions, and impact craters. This allows us to investigate scientific questions ranging from the nature of the impact history of the solar system to the origins of life. We present here a summary of the findings of the Human Science Objectives Science Analysis Group, or HSO-SAG chartered by MEPAG in 2015 to address science objectives and landing site criteria for future human missions to Mars (Niles, Beaty et al. 2015). Currently, NASA's plan to land astronauts on Mars in the mid 2030's would allow for robust human exploration of the surface in the next 35 years. We expect that crews would be able to traverse to sites up to 100 km away from the original landing site using robust rovers. A habitat outfitted with state of the art laboratory facilities that could enable the astronauts to perform cutting edge science on the surface of Mars. Robotic/human partnership during exploration would further enhance the science return of the mission.

/pdf/scientific-investigations-associated-with-the-human-1twfpewa00.pdf

Scientific Investigations Associated with the Human Exploration of Mars in the Next 35 Years

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Scientific Investigations Associated with the Human Exploration of Mars in the Next 35 Years