Macrophomina phaseolina, a fungus that causes dry root rot, is a relatively new threat to blackgram in South Asia. Because this pathogen is a polyphagic necrotroph, it remains viable in the soil for several years, making disease management challenging. One of the most economical methods for managing dry root rot in blackgram is through an integrated approach that uses resistant varieties. This study examined M. phaseolina associated with dry root rot in blackgram and screened 41 blackgram genotypes for dry root rot resistance. The present work also characterized morphological features and internal transcribed sequence regions of the nuclear rDNA operon to identify M. phaseolina from blackgram. Evaluation of the 41 blackgram genotypes against M. phaseolina by the paper towel technique identified two genotypes, CO-5 and IPU 07-3, with dry root rot resistance (disease scores: ≤3) and 18 genotypes with moderate resistance (disease scores: &gt;3 to ≤5). Five genotypes with disease scores &lt;4.0 and two susceptible genotypes were reevaluated using the paper towel method, which revealed moderate resistance reactions of CO-5, IPU 07-3, and MASH 1-1. To confirm dry root rot resistance of these seven genotypes, further screening was done in a greenhouse using the sick pot assay. Results revealed moderate resistance of CO-5, IPU 07-3, and MASH 1-1 genotypes. As compared with susceptible check (VO 2135-B-BL), CO-5 consistently excelled in plant survival with 13.4% disease incidence, followed by IPU 07-3 (16.7%) and MASH 1-1 (19.9%). Therefore, these three genotypes can be used as parents in blackgram breeding programs for developing blackgram cultivars with improved dry root rot resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 

Blackgram–Macrophomina phaseolina Interactions and Identification of Novel Sources of Resistance

Farming communities, around the world, who earn their livelihoods through their hard work with limited resources and many times under unfriendly and risky agricultural environments are the main providers of plant proteins to masses by cultivating legumes. Besides proteins, legumes also contain valuable vitamins, mineral and fibre necessary for nutritional security. Globally, over a dozen legume species are cultivated in different agro-ecologies and cropping systems, but seven of them, namely, soybean (Glycine max), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), hold promise with respect to their adaptation, productivity, international trade and consumer preferences. Legumes as a group, unfortunately, carry a tag of low productivity, and in spite of reasonable research efforts in general, their yield enhancement goals still remain unfulfilled. For this bottleneck various factors such as lack of high yielding cultivars, low research priority, inadequate inputs, relegation of the crops to second-grade lands, disease and insect losses and use of the age-old research tools and technologies can be held responsible. It seems that legume researchers have already lost valuable time and opportunities to provide farmers with high yielding cultivars with wide adaptation and incurring least damage due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Presently, the adverse effects of climate changes are also looming large, and hence, there is compelling need to re-emphasize the research priorities on a global basis. To highlight the importance of legumes to the human race and to make the legumes (including pulses) affordable to the poor, the 68th session of the UN General Assembly declared 2016 as the “International Year of Pulses”. It seems now the time is ripe to revisit the production trends and key constraints facing legumes and develop smart R&D plans, keeping in view the recent developments in the fields of genomics, genetic engineering/editing, crop breeding, agronomy and technology transfer. Therefore, there was a need to document these advances that can help the research community to develop a road map. In view of this, we have brought the experts working in different areas of legumes together to document their experiences and provide a road map through this book.

Genetic Enhancement in Major Food Legumes: An Overview

Aerides odoratum L. is a medicinal and ornamental orchid of the Eastern Himalayas, India. Its uses in pharmacology are nought because of its rare occurrence, longer life cycle, and lack of artificial methods for large-scale propagation. Protocorms (60 days old) were treated with various concentrations of ethyl methanesulfonate ranging from 0.025% to 0.5% for different durations (2, 5, 7, and 10 days) during M0 (treatment) in vitro generation. The survival of these protocorms and the generation of shoots and roots were noted. 10–20 plantlets of each treatment showing variation in the number and weight of shoots in M0 generation (treatment generation) were maintained for three subsequent generations. M3 (third generation) axenic plantlets were hardened in the orchidarium with a 75% survival frequency. Four mutant lines (M3V1–M3V4) were established based on RAPD analysis of the leaf DNA of 300-day-old plants. M3V-1 was noted as the best among all mutant lines based on morphological analysis, whereas M3V-2 was noted as the most superior in terms of having the highest quantity of osmolytes, pigments, stomata, and phenol. M3V-3 had maximum root length, leaf breadth, and carotenoids. M3V-4 showed the viridis chlorophyll spectrum as the most distinguishing factor. Hence, this standardized protocol can be used for the genetic improvement of A. odoratum.

https://jabonline.in/admin/php/uploads/1171_pdf.pdf

Molecular, morphological, and biomolecular characterization of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutations in Aerides odoratum, an orchid

Ascochyta blight is a major biotic constraint of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
 production and productivity worldwide caused by Ascochyta fabae. No studies
 have been performed in Algeria to identify A. fabae isolates or to assess
 their pathogenicity, and therefore information on local isolates is
 insufficient. Herein, 14 isolates of A. fabae were obtained from faba bean
 samples and identified based on morphological traits and phylogenetic
 analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences. All generated sequences
 have been deposited in GenBank and assigned accession numbers. Pathogenicity
 tests on faba bean plants revealed that all isolates produced necrotic
 lesions on aerial parts with variable intensity, classifying them as weakly,
 moderately, and highly aggressive. The in vitro antifungal activity of
 Bacillus and Pseudomonas strains against A. fabae isolates showed that
 Bacillus siamensis B8 and Bacillus mojavensis B31 had the highest
 suppressive potential against all isolates. Moreover, a negative correlation
 was found between the aggressiveness of A. fabae isolates and their
 susceptibility to biocontrol strains. This is the first report on the
 identification, pathogenicity and in vitro biological control of A. fabae
 isolates in Algeria. B8 and B31 could be further developed as promising
 biocontrol agents for the control of the ascochyta blight of faba bean.

/pdf/ascochyta-blight-ascochyta-fabae-of-faba-bean-vicia-faba-l-sxdevbyu.pdf

Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae) of faba bean (Vicia faba L.): Phenotypic and molecular characterization, pathogenicity and in vitro biological control by Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.

Pests and diseases amount to an estimated 1/sixth of farm produce losses globally each year, and overall losses in attainable yield due to pest and diseases are far greater in Asia and Africa impacting smallholder farmers’ ability to feed their families. In legumes, the production is severely affected by different species of soil-borne and foliar pathogens. Comprehensive detail of the R&D conducted on biotic stresses (diseases) in legumes with special reference to emerging diseases under changing climatic condition has been discussed in this article. Brief account of current distribution, economic importance and management strategy has also been discussed. The recent biotechnological approaches such as marker-assisted selection and genetic engineering are also being touched upon for managing these stresses.

Biotic Stresses in Food Legumes: An Update and Future Prospects

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Biotic Stresses in Food Legumes: An Update and Future Prospects