Dye wastewater released from several dyes induced industries are harmful towards the living, non-living environment and human. Consequently, existence of dye in water bodies is becoming a rising concern to environmentalists and citizens. Dye wastewater should be treated prior to release in an open water body to minimize its negative impacts. A long term sustainable and efficient treatment methods should be established to reduce and overcome the impacts. Although there have been significant advances in the management and treatment of such effluent using physical, chemical and biological methods. However, due to lack of information on effective dye removal methods, it is difficult to decide on a single unique technique that resolves the prevailing dye wastewater. Therefore, this paper reviews recent research on various (physical, chemical, biological, advanced oxidation process (AOPs) and hybrid) dye removal methods to compare efficiency, evaluation performance, merits and demerits. Among the existing methods, most of them have a common disadvantage which is the generation of secondary pollutes, takes long time and costly. This paper especially highlights AOPs method for dye removal as these are known as one of the promising and most effective dye removal techniques these days. This paper also suggests the application of AOPs methods possess the best performance in terms of faster dye removing as well as cost effective, time oriented and environmentally friendly. Additionally, this paper addressed the difficulties and future prospects of this emerging method that links to sustainable development. 

Performance Evaluation Of Dye Wastewater Treatment Technologies: A Review

Metal oxides have attracted considerable attention as an emerging group of visible-light-driven photocatalysts due to their cleaner processes, outstanding photo-oxidation ability and high performance in degradation of organic contaminants via advanced oxidation processes. However, metal oxides are not attractive when it came to faster recombination rates, the ability to make full use of light and the migration of photogenerated electrons. In this paper, a review of different nano-engineered metal oxides on the synthesis, modifications and efficiencies for degradation of organic pollutants is discussed. Some major categories of nano-engineered metal oxides include titanium oxides, zinc oxides, copper oxides, iron oxides, silver oxides, tungsten oxides, platinum oxides, bismuth oxides and other metal oxides. The complex mechanism of various nano-engineered metal oxide based photocatalyst with their limitations is critically narrated. Also, for improvement, doping with metals, non-metals, and metalloids has been discussed to enhance the photocatalytic performance of metal oxide photocatalysts. Finally, comments on current obstacles, research directions, and future perspectives are offered to aid in the nano-engineered design and configuration of highly efficient solar-light-driven photocatalysts for environmental cleaning and energy conversion. 

Current perspective of nano-engineered metal oxide based photocatalysts in advanced oxidation processes for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater

Nowadays, water contamination resulting from the disposal of industrial and urban waste poses a significant threat to marine life and human. Hence, providing an effective treatment approach to reduce the total cost and duration of the wastewater treatment process is crucial. Although the adsorption and photocatalysis methods show superb potential for removing hazardous pollutants from water, their combination through a suitable synthesis route is one of the most effective ways to overcome their limitations. Activated carbon (AC) significantly accelerates the rate of pollutant degradation for AC-based photocatalysts compared to bare photocatalysts because of its ability to increase the number of attachment sites, strengthen the interaction between pollutants and photocatalysts, and facilitate rapid electron transfer to prevent electron or hole recombination. This study aims to investigate four main objectives: 1) evaluating key parameters to enhance the surface characterization of AC-derived from lignocellulosic sources using physical and chemical techniques; 2) Surveying various approaches for synthesizing AC-based photocatalysts; 3) explaining the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and the operating parameters in the wastewater treatment process; and 4) providing an overview of the opportunities, challenges, suggestions, and potential future outlooks. Future studies should focus on understanding the structural properties of AC to design effective photocatalytic systems for degrading hazardous contaminants. Generally, AC-based nanocomposites reduce both process costs and duration and promote environmental sustainability by effectively eliminating pollutants. 

Biomass-derived activated carbon nanocomposites for cleaner production: A review on aspects of photocatalytic pollutant degradation

Due to its complex and, often, highly contaminated nature, treating industrial wastewater poses a significant environmental problem. Many of the persistent pollutants found in industrial effluents cannot be effectively removed by conventional treatment procedures. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have emerged as a promising solution, offering versatile and effective means of pollutant removal and mineralization. This comprehensive review explores the application of various AOP strategies in industrial wastewater treatment, focusing on their mechanisms and effectiveness. Ozonation (O3): Ozonation, leveraging ozone (O3), represents a well-established AOP for industrial waste water treatment. Ozone’s formidable oxidative potential enables the breakdown of a broad spectrum of organic and inorganic contaminants. This paper provides an in-depth examination of ozone reactions, practical applications, and considerations involved in implementing ozonation. UV/Hydrogen Peroxide (UV/H2O2): The combination of ultraviolet (UV) light and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has gained prominence as an AOP due to its ability to generate hydroxyl radicals (ȮH), highly efficient in pollutant degradation. The review explores factors influencing the efficiency of UV/H2O2 processes, including H2O2 dosage and UV radiation intensity. Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes: Fenton’s reagent and Photo-Fenton processes employ iron ions and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals for pollutant oxidation. The paper delves into the mechanisms, catalyst selection, and the role of photoactivation in enhancing degradation rates within the context of industrial wastewater treatment. Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs): EAOPs encompass a range of techniques, such as electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation, which employ electrode reactions to produce ȮH radicals. This review explores the electrochemical principles, electrode materials, and operational parameters critical for optimizing EAOPs in industrial wastewater treatment. TiO2 Photocatalysis (UV/TiO2): Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis, driven by UV light, is examined for its potential in industrial wastewater treatment. The review investigates TiO2 catalyst properties, reaction mechanisms, and the influence of parameters like catalyst loading and UV intensity on pollutant removal. Sonolysis (Ultrasonic Irradiation): High-frequency ultrasound-induced sonolysis represents a unique AOP, generating ȮH radicals during the formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles. This paper delves into the physics of cavitation, sonolytic reactions, and optimization strategies for industrial wastewater treatment. This review offers a critical assessment of the applicability, advantages, and limitations of these AOP strategies in addressing the diverse challenges posed by industrial wastewater. It emphasizes the importance of selecting AOPs tailored to the specific characteristics of industrial effluents and outlines potential directions for future research and practical implementation. The integrated use of these AOPs, when appropriately adapted, holds the potential to achieve sustainable and efficient treatment of industrial wastewater, contributing significantly to environmental preservation and regulatory compliance. 

Advanced oxidation process for the treatment of industrial wastewater: A review on strategies, mechanisms, bottlenecks and prospects

Chitosan was used in the sol-gel synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as a capping agent in order to control the size, morphology, optical bandgap, photocatalytic efficiency, and antimicrobial activity. Different chitosan sources were used for the sol-gel synthesis of ZnO NPs, namely chitosan of shrimp shells, crab shells, and Streptomyces griseus bacteria. The photocatalytic efficiency was studied by using the methylene blue (MB) photodegradation test, and the antibacterial activity of the different types of ZnO NPs was investigated by the agar well diffusion technique. The particle size of ZnO NPs varied between 20 and 80 nm, and the band gap energy ranged between 2.7 and 3.2 eV. Due to the different chitosan sources, the ZnO NPs showed different antibacterial activity against Listeria innocua, Bacillus Subtiliis, Staphylococcus Aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. The ZnO NPs with lower band gap values showed better antibacterial results compared to ZnO NPs with higher band gap values. The MB dye removal of ZnO (shrimp shells), ZnO (crab shells), and ZnO (Streptomyces griseus) reached 60%, 56%, and 44%, respectively, at a contact time of 60 min, a low initial MB dye concentration of 6 × 10−5 M, a solution temperature of 25 °C, and a pH = 7.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/12/1611/pdf?version=1670493008

Sol-Gel Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Different Chitosan Sources: Effects on Antibacterial Activity and Photocatalytic Degradation of AZO Dye

Development in the textile industry leads to an increased demand for the use of various dyes. Moreover, there is the use of some dyes in the food industry as well as medical diagnostics. Thereby, increased demand for dyes in various fields has resulted in dye-containing wastewater. Only a small portion of the generated wastewater is adequately treated. The rest is usually dumped or otherwise directly discharged into the sewage system, which ultimately enters rivers, lakes, and streams. The handling and disposal of such concentrated wastewater, especially the dye-containing wastewater, is considered to be a major environmental issue from the moment of its generation to its ultimate disposal. Conventional water treatment methods such as flotation, filtration, adsorption, etc., are non-destructive physical separation processes. They only transfer the pollutants to other phases, thereby generating concentrated deposits. The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of the most effective emerging methods for the treatment of wastewater containing chemical pollutants. The method involves the formation and interaction of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals under suitable activation conditions. These radicals are non-selective and efficient for the destruction and eventual mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants. This review aims at the pros and cons of using photocatalysis as an efficient AOP to degrade dye-containing wastewater.

/pdf/current-trends-in-the-utilization-of-photolysis-and-1yjoryfz.pdf

Current Trends in the Utilization of Photolysis and Photocatalysis Treatment Processes for the Remediation of Dye Wastewater: A Short Review

Photocatalytic treatment of detergent-contaminated wastewater: A short review on current progress

Biometric identification with the vein patterns is a more recent technique. The vein patterns in the hands are assumed to be unique to each individual and they do not change over time except in size. As veins are under the skin and have a wealth of differentiating features, an attempt to copy an identity is extremely difficult. BOSPHOROUS hand vein database was utilized in this project work. Image was initially normalized, followed by feature extraction. Based on the angles and length between minutiae, the invariant triangles were formed. From this, triplet score were assigned using score assignment process. Finally matching was done between the hand vein database and the extracted hand vein image and the person is identified. The Equal Error Rate obtained in the base paper is 1.26%. There are some main reasons for the reduction in EER when compared to the previous work. At the same time, when it is compared with the statistical method using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Non Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) Algorithm, obtained result is more efficient.

/pdf/personal-authentication-using-hand-vein-3uih91oqmq.pdf

Personal Authentication Using Hand Vein

The exceptional growth of telecommunication industry demands new technologies which can efficiently meet the requirements such as spectral efficiency, reduced area and robustness. The main challenge faced by MIMO technology is complexity in detection of transmitted symbol at detector. The overhead associated with detection is reduced by usage of pre processing methods. QR decomposition is a most important one of these. Of the various QR decomposition methods available, in this paper we are considering givens rotation based QR decomposition. Also, another variant of givens rotation, i.e., column-wise givens rotation is also implemented. The performance of both methods are analyzed and compared.The simulation results are taken using ModelSim Altera 6.3, Xilinx 7.1 and Cadence Encounter Tools.

/pdf/implementation-of-qr-decomposition-for-mimo-detection-13oxoivrll.pdf

Implementation of QR Decomposition for MIMO Detection

Diabetic Retinopathy damages the retina and is caused by complications of diabetes. Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is caused due to the advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy, which can cause irreversible loss of vision. Exudates are the primary signs of DME. In this paper, a two-stage methodology is developed in order to detect, localize and classify the exudates from the color fundus images is presented. A new Feature Extraction technique, using a Gabor Filter is introduced in order to capture the important features like mean, median, fovea region etc and for enhancing the given retinal image. The selected feature vectors are classified into exudates and non-exudates using a Feed Forward Neural Network Classifier. The analysis of the severe stage of DME is carried out using Morphological Operation. This technique can assist the Ophthalmologists to detect the signs of Diabetic Maculopathy in the early stage, in monitoring the progression of the disease and for better treatment plan. The performance parameters are estimated with a Sensitivity of 95% and Specificity of 89%. The severity classification accuracy is 93% for all severe cases. KeywordsExudates, Gabor Filter, Morphological Operation

https://www.ijert.org/research/a-novel-approach-on-macular-edema-detection-and-classification-IJERTV3IS10748.pdf

A Novel Approach on Macular Edema Detection and Classification

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