Wireless sensor network (WSN) has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for the future. This has been enabled by advances in technology and availability of small, inexpensive, and smart sensors resulting in cost effective and easily deployable WSNs. However, researchers must address a variety of challenges to facilitate the widespread deployment of WSN technology in real-world domains. In this survey, we give an overview of wireless sensor networks and their application domains including the challenges that should be addressed in order to push the technology further. Then we review the recent technologies and testbeds for WSNs. Finally, we identify several open research issues that need to be investigated in future.

Our survey is different from existing surveys in that we focus on recent developments in wireless sensor network technologies. We review the leading research projects, standards and technologies, and platforms. Moreover, we highlight a recent phenomenon in WSN research that is to explore synergy between sensor networks and other technologies and explain how this can help sensor networks achieve their full potential. This paper intends to help new researchers entering the domain of WSNs by providing a comprehensive survey on recent developments.

Wireless sensor networks: a survey on recent developments and potential synergies

In the last few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has proved to be an interesting and promising paradigm that aims to contribute to countless applications by connecting more physical “things” to the Internet. Although it emerged as a major enabler for many next-generation applications, it also introduced new challenges to already saturated networks. The IoT is already coming to life especially in healthcare and smart environment applications adding a large number of low-powered sensors and actuators to improve lifestyle and introduce new services to the community. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed RPL as the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) and standardized it in RFC6550 in 2012. RPL quickly gained interest, and many research papers were introduced to evaluate and improve its performance in different applications. In this paper, we present a discussion of the main aspects of RPL and the advantages and disadvantages of using it in different IoT applications. We also review the available research related to RPL in a systematic manner based on the enhancement area and the service type. In addition to that, we compare related RPL-based protocols in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, flexibility, robustness, and security. Finally, we present our conclusions and discuss the possible future directions of RPL and its applicability in the Internet of the future.

/pdf/rpl-based-routing-protocols-in-iot-applications-a-review-4uibgx51o1.pdf

RPL-Based Routing Protocols in IoT Applications: A Review

In critical medical emergency situations, wireless body area network (WBAN) equipped health monitoring systems treat data packets with critical information regarding patients’ health in the same way as data packets bearing regular healthcare information. This snag results in a higher average waiting time for the local data processing units (LDPUs) transmitting data packets of higher importance. In this paper, we formulate an algorithm for Priority-based Allocation of Time Slots ( PATS ) that considers a fitness parameter characterizing the criticality of health data that a packet carries, energy consumption rate for a transmitting LDPU, and other crucial LDPU properties. Based on this fitness parameter, we design the constant model hawk–dove game that ensures prioritizing the LDPUs based on crucial properties. In comparison with the existing works on priority-based wireless transmission, we measure and take into consideration the urgency, seriousness, and criticality associated with an LDPU and, thus, allocate transmission time slots proportionately. We show that the number of transmitting LDPUs in medical emergency situations can be reduced by $25.97\%$ , in comparison with the existing time-division-based techniques.

Priority-Based Time-Slot Allocation in Wireless Body Area Networks During Medical Emergency Situations: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Perspective

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big challenge for the research community where the IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) protocol stack is a key part of the IoT. Recently, the IETF ROLL and 6LoWPAN working groups have developed new IP based protocols for 6LoWPAN networks to alleviate the challenges of connecting low memory, limited processing capability, and constrained power supply sensor nodes to the Internet. In 6LoWPAN networks, heavy network traffic causes congestion which significantly degrades network performance and impacts on quality of service aspects such as throughput, latency, energy consumption, reliability, and packet delivery. In this paper, we overview the protocol stack of 6LoWPAN networks and summarize a set of its protocols and standards. Also, we review and compare a number of popular congestion control mechanisms in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and classify them into traffic control, resource control, and hybrid algorithms based on the congestion control strategy used. We present a comparative review of all existing congestion control approaches in 6LoWPAN networks. This paper highlights and discusses the differences between congestion control mechanisms for WSNs and 6LoWPAN networks as well as explaining the suitability and validity of WSN congestion control schemes for 6LoWPAN networks. Finally, this paper gives some potential directions for designing a novel congestion control protocol, which supports the IoT application requirements, in future work.

/pdf/congestion-control-in-wireless-sensor-and-6lowpan-networks-1erk1gai52.pdf

Congestion control in wireless sensor and 6LoWPAN networks: toward the Internet of Things

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed set of sensors deployed to work together for collective sensing and possible data processing. A WSN can be used to monitor environmental behavior and structural integrity in a variety of application fields, thus becoming an integral part of the consumer electronics of smart buildings in smart cities. Due to ever-increasing population growth, along with limited natural resources, smart cities are expected to be the wave of the future. For instance, WSNs are widely used in industrial settings with machine monitoring and play an important role in monitoring the structural integrity of large buildings and bridges. This article focuses on existing WSN simulation frameworks that could be integrated with realtime hardware prototypes. We analyze and compare various such simulation frameworks, and we determine a suitable simulation environment that supports specific software packages.

Wireless Sensor Network Simulation Frameworks: A Tutorial Review: MATLAB\/Simulink bests the rest.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), congestion can cause a number of problems including packet loss, lower throughput and poor energy efficiency. These problems can potentially result in reduced deployment lifetime and under-performing applications. This has led to several proposals for congestion control (CC) mechanisms for sensor networks. Furthermore, the WSN research community has made significant efforts towards power saving MAC protocols with Radio Duty Cycling (RDC). However, careful study of previous work reveals that RDC schemes are often neglected during the design and evaluation of CC algorithms. In this context, this paper contributes a new CC scheme for Duty Cycle and IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks 6LoWPAN sensor Networks — DCCC6. DCCC6 detects the presence of duty cycling and adjust its operation accordingly. We evaluate DCCC6 both with simulations and on a testbed with multi node topologies. The experimental results have shown that DCCC6 achieved higher goodput and lower packet loss than previous works. Moreover, simulations show that DCCC6 maintained low energy consumption, average delay times and achieved a high degree of fairness.

DCCC6: Duty Cycle-aware congestion control for 6LoWPAN networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), congestion can cause a plethora of malfunctions such as packet loss, lower throughput and energy inefficiency, potentially resulting in reduced deployment lifetime and under-performing applications. This has led to several proposals describing congestion control (CC) mechanisms for sensor networks. Furthermore, the WSN research community has made significant efforts towards power saving MAC protocols with Radio Duty Cycling (RDC). However, careful study of previous work reveals that RDC schemes are often neglected during the design and evaluation of congestion control algorithms. In this paper, we argue that the presence (or lack) of RDC can drastically influence the performance of congestion detection. In addition, most WSN CC mechanisms are evaluated under traditional sensor network topologies and protocols (e.g. trickle data dissemination, tree data collection). The emerging IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) and related standards pose a new requirement: we now need to investigate if previous findings regarding congestion control are still applicable. In this context, this paper contributes a comprehensive evaluation of existing congestion detection mechanisms in a simulated, multi-node 6LoWPAN sensor network. We present results from two sets of experiments, differentiated by the presence or lack of RDC.

A comparative study of congestion control algorithms in IPv6 Wireless Sensor Networks

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be a severe problem, as it causes a plethora of malfunctions such as packet loss, lower throughput, energy inefficiency, and short lifetime. As a result, the performance of the whole network is subject to undesirable change; an issue that renders congestion control an issue of uttermost importance for such networks. As far as data-collection applications in WSN are concerned, normal Internet-style definitions of fairness may not apply. All data sources must have identical access to the entire network bandwidth so as to enable the application to have a complete picture of the monitored area. Furthermore, the limited battery power as well as limited memory and processing resource of sensor nodes, do not allow them to execute complex algorithms. This paper describes a new congestion control mechanism. In our mechanism, the buffer in each node is adjusted according to the transmitting downstream nodes in order to minimize packet drop; the algorithm automatically adjusts a node’s forwarding rate to avoid packet drops due to congestion. The algorithm resolves the fairness problem by allocating equal bandwidth to the sources. Moreover, the fact that it can be implemented without large resource requirements, renders it suitable for WSNs. It can also detect congestion preventively and adjust the transmission rates of the nodes in order to eliminate congestion with minimal loss. Simulation results show significant improvements in terms of throughput compared to previous works.

A New Congestion Control Mechanism for WSNs

In contract electronics manufacturing, assets and their supporting documents are considered not only valuable intellectual property but also confidential, e.g. due to the military or high value aerospace products they support. Managing transaction records, controlled access and location at all times is of great importance, not only to limit risk but to follow mandatory protocols. In this study a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system capable of addressing the criteria described is presented. Both the hardware architecture used along with its limitations and performance in a harsh environment and the software based on a service oriented approach are discussed. The system is evaluated by means of discrete event simulation for different use-case scenarios. Test results show that although the system is capable of recording transactions, a 100% detection rate cannot be guaranteed if the documents are kept inside a metallic cabinet. This proves to be a consequence not of the number of tagged documents present but ofthe surrounding environment. Despite the system’s limitations, which were taken into account during discrete event simulations, a reduction in cost partly due to a reduction in management time of 59% for the manager and 45% for the staff was observed.

/pdf/secure-document-and-asset-tracking-hus6vixoef.pdf

Secure Document and Asset Tracking

In WSNs idle listening is a major source of energy consumption. Devices can maximise battery, and hence network, lifetime by keeping their radio transceivers off when not needed. We propose CADC, a new Congestion Aware Duty Cycle (DC) MAC protocol, for 6LoWPANs. This protocol uses a new mechanism for the adaptation of the Radio Duty Cycle (RDC), that reacts quickly to changing traffic loads and patterns. CADC is independent of network topology, operating protocols and applications and does not require any clock synchronisation between the nodes. Through simulation, we highlight that in static duty cycle MACs there is always a trade-off between energy-efficiency and performance leading to increased energy consumption and low throughput in certain networks. Additionally, it is shown that dynamic protocols can overcome the constraints observed in static DC MACs. CADC outperforms other previously proposed static and dynamic duty cycle protocols in terms of energy consumption, packet loss and goodput while it achieves competitive delay times.

CADC: Congestion Aware Duty Cycle mechanism a simulation evaluation

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