It has been a challenge to use transition metal oxides as anode materials in Li-ion batteries due to their low electronic conductivity, poor rate capability and large volume change during charge/discharge processes. Here, we present the first demonstration of a unique self-recovery of capacity in transition metal oxide anodes. This was achieved by reducing tungsten trioxide (WO3) via the incorporation of urea, followed by annealing in a nitrogen environment. The reduced WO3 successfully self-retained the Li-ion cell capacity after undergoing a sharp decrease upon cycling. Significantly, the reduced WO3 also exhibited excellent rate capability. The reduced WO3 exhibited an interesting cycling phenomenon where the capacity was significantly self-recovered after an initial sharp decrease. The quick self-recoveries of 193.21%, 179.19% and 166.38% for the reduced WO3 were observed at the 15th (521.59/457.41 mA h g−1), 36th (538.49/536.61 mA h g−1) and 45th (555.39/555.39 mA h g−1) cycles respectively compared to their respective preceding discharge capacity. This unique self-recovery phenomenon can be attributed to the lithium plating and conversion reaction which might be due to the activation of oxygen vacancies that act as defects which make the WO3 electrode more electrochemically reactive with cycling. The reduced WO3 exhibited a superior electrochemical performance with 959.1/638.9 mA h g−1 (1st cycle) and 558.68/550.23 mA h g−1 (100th cycle) vs. pristine WO3 with 670.16/403.79 mA h g−1 (1st cycle) and 236.53/234.39 mA h g−1 (100th cycle) at a current density of 100 mA g−1.

Self-recovery in Li-metal hybrid lithium-ion batteries via WO3 reduction.

Lithium manganese oxide is regarded as a capable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, but it suffers from relative low conductivity, manganese dissolution in electrolyte and structural distortion from cubic to tetragonal during elevated temperature tests. This review covers a comprehensive study about the main directions taken into consideration to supress the drawbacks of lithium manganese oxide: structure doping and surface modification by coating. Regarding the doping of LiMn2O4, several perspectives are studied, which include doping with single or multiple cations, only anions and combined doping with cations and anions. Surface modification approach consists in coating with different materials like carbonaceous compounds, oxides, phosphates and solid electrolyte solutions. The modified lithium manganese oxide performs better than pristine samples, showing improved cyclability, better behaviour at high discharge c-rates and elevated temperate and improves lithium ions diffusion coefficient.

Enhancing Lithium Manganese Oxide Electrochemical Behavior by Doping and Surface Modifications

Mixed Transition Metal oxides (MTMO) ZnMn2O4 & ZnMn2O4/rGO nano composites were synthesized by combustion process for electrochemical storage devices. They were found to be porous in nature. Structural characterizations using XRD and FTIR showed formation of nano crystallites and –C–C and –C O stretching. The bang gap got lowered due to graphene incorporation. There was also increase in specific capacitance and discharge capacity in ZnMn2O4/rGO.

Preparation of ZnMn2O4 and ZnMn2O4/graphene nano composites by combustion synthesis for their electrochemical properties

The conventional lithium-ion battery fabrication process involves mixing of the active cathode material with additives and tape casting on metallic current collectors. The thickness of this layer limits the performance of the cathode. In this work, a novel cathode platform is presented consisting of a micropatterned array of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on aluminum (Al) foil that serves as host for active cathode powders. This highly conductive three-dimensional structure provides a high specific surface area to support greater mass loading capable of achieving high energy and power densities. The feasibility of this structure was demonstrated by using commercially available lithium iron phosphate (LFP) powder which was processed and dispersed using two different techniques—vibration-assisted drip-coating and electrophoretic deposition. A high specific capacity of 143 mAh/g at 3.4 V was achieved at C/20 rate for the novel cathode fabricated using electrophoretic deposition, which seemed superior to vibration-assisted drip coating with its easier application, more uniform particle coating, stronger particle attachment to the CNTs, and better electrochemical performance. In addition, CNT array on Al has been demonstrated to be a viable candidate for fabricating cathodes for energy storage applications without the need for any additives and/or binders.

Micropatterned arrays of vertically-aligned CNTs grown on aluminum as a new cathode platform for LiFePO4 integration in lithium-ion batteries

Pulse combustion reactor as a fast and scalable synthetic method for preparation of Li-ion cathode materials

The LiMn 2 O 4 graphene hybrid cathode material has been synthesized by spray drying combustion process. The spinel structure cubic phase LiMn 2 O 4 graphene hybrid material was prepared by spray drying process at 120 ℃ and subsequent heat treatment at 700 ℃ for 1 hour. The result indicates that the spinel shaped LiMn 2 O 4 particles wrapped with graphene sheets were formed with particle size in the range of 60-70 nm. The charge-discharge measurement indicates that the LiMn 2 O 4 graphene hybrid material shows an improved discharge capacity of 139 mAh/g at 0.1C rate. The pristine LiMn 2 O 4 nano crystals present only about 132 mAh/g discharge capacity. The LiMn 2 O 4 graphene hybrid samples show good cyclic performance with only 13% of capacity fading in 30 cycles when compared to the pristine LiMn 2 O 4 that shows 22% of capacity fading in 30 cycles. The capacity retention of the LiMn 2 O 4 graphene hybrid samples is about 10% higher than the pristine cycle after 30 cycles.

Preparation of LiMn 2 O 4 Graphene Hybrid Nanostructure by Combustion Synthesis and Their Electrochemical Properties

In this paper, we are reporting a combustion method to prepare carbon coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles using urea as fuel and sucrose as carbon source. The process involves exothermic decomposition of a viscous liquid, containing fuel to oxidizer molar ratio of 1:1 at 300 ℃, followed by heat treatment at 600 ℃ for 6 h, under Ar (95%) and H2 (5%) mixed gas atmosphere. The resultant products are characterized by Thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DSC), Field emission-scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Moss-Bauer spectroscopy. The investigation reveals that the prepared sample has ordered olivine structure|with average crystallite size in the range of 30-40 nm. The SEM and TEM images show porous network type morphology with the size of the individual particles in range of 30-40 nm with spherical and oval shape morphology. The cathode obtained by combustion method exhibits a high discharge capacity (~156 mAhg-1) with a good cyclic performance and rate capability.

Urea and sucrose assisted combustion synthesis of LiFePO4/C nano-powder for lithium-ion battery cathode application

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Preparation of LiMn 2 O 4 Graphene Hybrid Nanostructure by Combustion Synthesis and Their Electrochemical Properties

Urea and sucrose assisted combustion synthesis of LiFePO4/C nano-powder for lithium-ion battery cathode application