The above ground growth of the plant is highly dependent on the belowground root system. Rhizosphere is the zone of continuous interplay between plant roots and soil microbial communities. Plants, through root exudates, attract rhizosphere microorganisms to colonize the root surface and internal tissues. Many of these microorganisms known as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant growth through several direct and indirect mechanisms including biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilisation, and disease-control. Many PGPR, by producing phytohormones, volatile organic compounds and secondary metabolites play important role in influencing the root architecture and growth, resulting in increased surface area for nutrient exchange and other rhizosphere effects. PGPR also improve resource use efficiency of the root system by improving the root system functioning at physiological levels. PGPR mediated root trait alterations can contribute to agroecosystem through improving crop stand, resource use efficiency, stress tolerance, soil structure etc. Thus, PGPR capable of modulating root traits can play important role in agricultural sustainability and root traits can be used as a primary criterion for the selection of potential PGPR strains. Available PGPR studies emphasize root morphological and physiological traits to assess the effect of PGPR. However, these traits can be influenced by various external factors and may give varying results. Therefore, it is important to understand the pathways and genes involved in plant root traits and the microbial signals/metabolites that can intercept and/or intersect these pathways for modulating root traits. The use of advanced tools and technologies can help to decipher the mechanisms involved in PGPR mediated determinants affecting the root traits. Further identification of PGPR based determinants/signalling molecules capable of regulating root trait genes and pathways can open up new avenues in PGPR research. The present review updates recent knowledge on the PGPR influence on root architecture and root functional traits and its benefits to the agro-ecosystem. Efforts have been made to understand the bacterial signals/ determinants that can play regulatory role in the expression of root traits and their prospects in sustainable agriculture. The review will be helpful in providing future directions to the researchers working on PGPR and root system functioning.

/pdf/pgpr-mediated-alterations-in-root-traits-way-toward-412qgmzj2b.pdf

PGPR Mediated Alterations in Root Traits: Way Toward Sustainable Crop Production

Modelling in FEM the soil pressures distribution caused by a tyre on a Rhodic Ferralsol soil

Three dimensional finite element model of soil compaction caused by agricultural tire traffic

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are ubiquitous chemical compounds in the environment due to contamination of air, water, or soil. They are primarily sourced from fossil fuel combustion, mining and smelting, electroplating, dyes and pigments, agricultural treatments, and plastic and metallic industries. These chemical contaminants can produce various adverse effects when they enter the human body and can also affect crops and aquatic ecosystems. To address these issues, researchers are developing various techniques, including ion exchange, membrane filtration, photocatalysis, electrochemical methods, bioadsorption, and combinations of these processes, to reduce the levels of these contaminants, especially from wastewater. Among these methods, bioadsorption has gained much attention due to its high efficiency, low cost, and abundance of adsorbent materials. Agricultural byproducts used as biosorbents include rice husk and bran, citrus peel, banana peel, coconut husk, sugarcane bagasse, soybean hulls, walnut and almond shells, coconut fiber, barley straws, and many others. Biosorption capacity can be described using adsorption kinetic models such as Elovich, Ritchie’s, and pseudo-second-order models, as well as different adsorption isotherm models such as Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin isotherm, and BET models. Both conventional processes and adsorption models are influenced by parameters such as pH, agitation speed, contact time, particle size, concentration of the adsorbent material, initial concentration of the contaminant, and the type of modifying agent used. This review paper aims to examine the low-cost adsorbents and their removal efficiency and bioadsorption capacity for different PTEs present in wastewater, and their potential as decontamination methods.

/pdf/agricultural-byproducts-used-as-low-cost-adsorbents-for-2i4ivxls.pdf

Agricultural Byproducts Used as Low-Cost Adsorbents for Removal of Potentially Toxic Elements from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review

Soil aggregate stability influences many biophysical and agronomic processes while acting as a key soil health indicator, yet current quantification methods suffer shortcomings including lack of repeatability, inadequate control over input energy, and inaccuracies in coarse-textured soils or those with multi-modal size distributions. In response, we propose a new method deemed integrated aggregate stability (IAS) to interpret aggregate stability using a laser diffraction (LD) machine. This method corrects for underlying particle-size distributions and provides a comprehensive metric of aggregate stability. As verification, we presented repeatability tests that demonstrate the precision of the IAS method, and then compared IAS measurements to wet sieving results for three different soils. Overall, IAS showed higher correlation with the wet sieving method (R² = 0.49 to 0.59) than the median aggregate size (d50), which represents the most common current method for quantifying aggregate stability (R² = 0.09 to 0.27). Further, IAS can estimate the proportions of macro (>0.25 mm) and micro (<0.25 mm) aggregates, and thereby quantify shifts between those fractions under different applied energy levels. As an example, we compared IAS estimates of macro- and micro-aggregates from three different soils that because of differences in texture and previous land use showed varying levels of aggregation. While d50 identified some of the between-site differences in macro-aggregation, only IAS was able to consistently detect and quantify micro-aggregate fractions. Altogether, these results reveal that IAS can convey more consistent and relevant information about aggregate stability compared with traditionally used metrics.

An Improved Method for Quantifying Soil Aggregate Stability

Summary It is known that the compaction phenomenon of agricultural soil can be defi ned as an increase in its dry density, respectively as in reduction of its porosity, and it can result from any natural causes as: rainfall impact, soaking, internal water stress from soil, and other. An important role has the artifi cial compaction, which is generated by the contact with tyres or caterpillars of tractors and agricultural machines. In present, one of the most advanced methods for modelling the phenomenon of stresses propagation in agricultural soil is the Finite Element Method (FEM), which is a numerical method for obtaining approximate solutions of ordinary and partial diff erential equations of this distribution. In this paper, the soil has been idealised as an elastic-plastic material by DruckerPrager yield criteria. Th is paper presents a model for prediction of the stress state in agricultural soil below agricultural tyres in the driving direction and perpendicular to the driving direction, which are diff erent from one another, using the Finite Element Method. General model of analysis was created using FEM, which allows the analysis of equivalent stress distribution and the total displacements distribution in the soil volume, making evident both of the conditions in which the soil compaction is favour and of the study of graphic variation of equivalent stress and the study of shift ing in the depth of the soil volume. Using an acquisition data system and pressure sensors, the theoretical model was experimentally checked in the laboratory

/pdf/development-and-experimental-testing-of-a-fem-model-for-the-43nlw1bqrm.pdf

Development and Experimental Testing of a FEM Model for the Stress Distribution Analysis in Agricultural Soil due to Artificial Compaction

Noise is one of the priority issues of environment, especially in crowded urban zones. A low level of acoustic pollution leads to the environmental and consumer health protection satisfaction level and thus increases the quality of marketed products. The Directive 2000/14/EC it requires manufacturers to apply to each equipment introduced on market the guaranteed value of the acoustic power, in this respect the user being more and more informed in order to choose some reliable products with low noise level and reduced vibrations. The paper consists in determination of the acoustic power level, respectively the vibrations transmitted to the user by a brush cutter, in various functioning regimes.

Comparative Analysis of the Noise and Vibration Transmitted to the Operator by a Brush Cutter

Artificial compaction is one of the most dangerous forms of degradation of agricultural soil. Recognized as a phenomenon with multiple negative effects in terms of environment and agricultural production, soil compaction is strongly influenced by the size of external load, soil moisture, size and shape of footprint area, soil type and number of passes. Knowledge of soil behavior under compressive loads is important in order to prevent or minimize soil compaction. In this paper were developed, by means of the Finite Element Method, various models of soil behavior during the artificial compaction produced by the wheel of an agricultural trailer. Simulations were performed on two types of soil (cohesive and non-cohesive) with known characteristics. By applying two loads (4.5 kN and 21 kN) in footprints of different sizes, were obtained the models of the distributions of stresses occuring in the two types of soil. Simulation results showed that soil stresses increase with increasing wheel load and vary with soil type.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/163/1/012001/pdf

FEM modelling of soil behaviour under compressive loads

Knowledge of soil behavior under compressive loads is important in order to prevent or minimize the impact of soil compaction on the environment and agricultural production. The aim of this study was to simulate the behavior of a clayey soil under wheel loads applied by an agricultural trailer. For known characteristics of the soil, wheel loads of 4.5 kN and 21 kN and tire inflation pressures of 180, 240 and 300 kPa, were obtained the models of stress distribution and soil displacement. For 300 kPa tire inflation pressure and 21 kN wheel load, were obtained: maximum stress of 175 kPa concentrated in the topsoil at about 140 mm depth, with smaller significant values distributed to 380 mm, and maximum soil displacement of 28.1 mm.

FEM Modeling of Stress Distribution and Displacement in Clayey Soils during Artificial Compaction

Wastewater contains essential nutrients for crops, and after proper treatment its reuse is beneficial to farmers in arid and semi-arid areas. Electrooxidation is an environmentally friendly technology used for treatment of domestic, industrial and agrozootechnical wastewater. During electrooxidation, organic compounds are oxidized at the interface between the anode and the aqueous solution, as a result of the reduction reaction at the cathode. Tests were performed on wastewater collected from the lagoon of a cattle farm, using an electrooxidation cell with stainless steel electrodes. The removal of pH, conductivity, turbidity, color, total N, total P, COD and BOD was investigated at specific voltages of 0.025 V cm-2 , 0.05 V cm-2 and 0.1 V cm-2 and various electrolysis times (15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes). Results show that electrooxidation is effective in reducing total N by 24 %, total P by 47 %, BOD by 47 % and COD by 82 %. After completion of tests, the suspended solids were decanted towards the anode area, due to the action of coagulant Fe2+ /Fe3+ ions formed by anode dissolution, and the water was clarified. The effluent complies with the standards to be reused to irrigate crops tolerant to salinity grown in permeable soils.

/pdf/wastewater-electrooxidation-using-stainless-steel-electrodes-54u09s8tph.pdf

Wastewater electrooxidation using stainless steel electrodes

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