Los modelos de estudio de una muestra de 1.000 pacientes maloclusivos de ambos sexos que pertenecian a diez diferentes regiones espanolas fueron analizados con el proposito de estudiar_ las caracteristicas oclusales de los mismos y la influencia que la diferente localizacion geografica pudiera tener en Ja distribucion de dichas maloclusiones . Igualmente se estudio la existencia de diferencias en 
la distribucion de las maloclusiones entre ambos sexos. 
El Indice Oclusal (OI) medio de la muestra global alcanzo Ja cifra de 10.5 ± 3.3, indicativo de maloclusiones importantes.En la muestra global que presentaba una edad media de 13.3 anos (65.2 % ninas y 34.8 % ninos) se encontro un 38 % de relacion molar normal o maloclusiones de Clase I, 51.8 % de distoclusiones o maloclusiones de Clase 11, y 10.2 % de mesioclusiones o maloclusiones de Clase 111. No se pudieron observar diferencias estadisticamente significativas en la distribucion de las distintas Clases de Angle entre ambos sexos. 
Destaco la mayor proporcion de Clases III y Clases II2 en el grupo vasco, y la mayor proporcion 
de Clases III en el grupo valenciano . En el grupo catalan, por el contrario, aparecio una menor proporcion de Clases III. En el grupo asturiano se produjo un incremento de las Clases 1 y deficit de las Clases II. En el balear predominaron las Clases II 1 y escasearon las Clases. l. 
Para el resalte , sobremordida, mordida abierta posterior , diastema interincisivo y desviacion dela linea media no aparecieron diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre ninguno de los diez grupos estudiados . 
Las diferencias significativas que aparecieron en relacion con el numero de piezas en mordida cruzada posterior fueron debidas al mayor promedio que presento el grupo asturiano (3.3). 
En cuanto al apinamiento las diferencias significativas encontradas se debieron a un promedio mayor de dientes desplazados en el grupo balear (4.7) y a un promedio menor en el grupo gallego (3.6).

Evaluación epidemiológica de la maloclusión en 1.000 pacientes ortodóncicos de diferentes regiones españolas

Para determinar la prevalencia y distribucion de las maloclusiones en la ciudad de Barcelona, se han estudiado 984 ninos, de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 16 anos. Se ha utilizado ola ficha que recomienda la O.M.S. para investigacion epidemiologica de caracteristicas oclusales. De los 984 individuos estudiados 57% eran ninas y 42% ninos. Ausencia de primeros molares permanentes: 18,6%. Condiciones de espacio: apinamiento del segmento incisal inferior en 43,6% de los casos. Sobremordida superior a dos tercios en 35,6%. Desplazamiento de la linea media 15,9%. Neutroclusion 61,6% (derecha) y 62,9% (izquierda). Distoclusion 26,6% (derecha) y 23,9% (izquierda). Mesioclusion 11,2% (derecha) y 12,4 (izquierda). En cuanto a las indicaciones para tratamiento ortodoncico, se encontro que no era necesario en un 69,3%, dudoso en 9,6%, necesario en 20,5% y urgente en 0,6%. La proporcion de maloclusiones no puede compararse con estudios previos de otros paises, ni del nuestro, pues estan hechos con otros indices(1,2,3,7,8,14,15). Llama la atencion que la proporcion de ninos tratados, 5%, es pequena en relacion con las necesidades de tratamiento, a pesar de que en este punto la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud es muy restrictiva.

Epidemiología de las maloclusiones en la población escolar de Barcelona

El objeto de este estudio ha sido investigar en una poblacion escolar andaluza, la prevalencia y distribucion de maloclusiones y su necesidad de tratamiento, para lo cual se han examinado 1.000 escolares, de los cuales 488 eran ninos y 512 ninas, de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 16 anos. Se ha seguido el metodo basico para el registro de las caracteristicas oclusales desarrollado por la O.M.S. y la F.D.I. La frecuencia de primeros molares perdidos fue del 10,73%. La mayor frecuencia de apinamiento, se ha dado en el segundo segmento incisal inferior (42,03%). La sobremordida aumentada ha sido bastante frecuente (22,66%). Se ha encontrado una prevalencia de desviacion de la linea media en casi la cuarta parte de los pacientes. La relacion molar mas frecuente ha sido la neutroclusion con un 66,81% (en el lado derecho) y un 70,46% (en el lado izquierdo) seguida por la distoclusion con un 19,42% (en el lado derecho) y un 16,71% (en el lado izquierdo) y la mesioclusion con un 14,03% (en el lado derecho) y un 12,38% (en el lado izquierdo). La necesidad de tratamiento de la muestra ha sido del 44,13%, con un 8,29 considerado como urgente.
A pesar de la dificultad de indicar un tratamiento ortodoncico por medio de indices de Maloclusion, este "Metodo basico para el registro de las caracteristicas oclusales" cada vez se esta extendiendo mas por su simplicidad y fiabilidad y deberia ser un estandar con el fin de poder obtener resultados comparativos fiables con los de otras regiones espanolas y asi poder definir las necesidades de tratamiento ortodoncico de nuestra poblacion, como recomienda la O.M.S.

Epidemiología de la maloclusión en un población escolar andaluza

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether vertical facial patterns influence maximal occlusal force (MOF), masticatory muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity, and medial mandibular flexure (MMF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-eight dentate subjects were divided into 3 groups by Ricketts's analysis: brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolychofacial. Maximum occlusal force in the molar region was bilaterally measured with a force transducer. The electromyographic activities of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles were recorded during maximal voluntary clenching. Medial mandibular flexure was calculated by subtracting the intermolar distance of maximum opening or protrusion from the distance in the rest position. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Data on maximum occlusal force showed that shorter faces had higher occlusal forces (P<0.0001). Brachyfacial subjects presented higher levels of masseter electromyographic activity and medial mandibular flexure, followed by the mesofacial and dolychofacial groups. Additionally, dolychofacial subjects showed significantly lower electromyographic temporalis activities (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the study, it may be concluded that maximum occlusal force, masticatory muscle activity and medial mandibular flexure were influenced by the vertical facial pattern.

Occlusal force, electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles and mandibular flexure of subjects with different facial types


Objective The aim of this study is to establish an accumulated strain pattern in different parts of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances and relate them to different vertical growth patterns A clinical study was conducted on 40 patients with posterior crossbite who required RME Then, a finite element model (FEM) of the forces that patients with RME bear is developed, validating the aforementioned with an in vitro mechanical test and calculating the forces to which the RME appliances of a group of patients were exposed Finally, to evaluate the effectiveness Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on the repair of the midpalatal suture, after RME To understand a remodeling bone a review was performed to organize the existing published literature regarding tooth movement in orthodontic treatment when low-level laser therapy (LLLT) 
Setting The Orthodontic Department atthe Dental Hospital of BellvitgeBarcelona University, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain 
Ethical approval The Ethics Committee for Clinical Research of the Dental Hospital of Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, adopted the trial under reference number 11/2011 and an insurance liability policy numbered CE000343677 was contracted 
Protocol The protocol was not published prior to trial commencement 
Material and methods Strain gauges were placed on the arms of the RME Hyrax screw appliance to record deformation (strain) during the expansion (T0-T1) and the retention phases for 75 days (T2-T7) of 40 patients (mean age of 848 years) A FEM was used to place the gauge at the point where the strain was most expressed The VERT coefficient of variation was used to classify patients by their vertical growth pattern Posteriorly, computer-aided design models of the metallic screw and polymeric splint were modelled and discretized Two forces were generated and considered independently, F1 at the temporary molar (25N to 55N), and F2 at the permanent molar (25N to 55N) The results of the finite element analysis (FEA) were used to define the strain values which the anterior and posterior arms of the RME appliance bore as a linear function of F1-F2, by calculating the strain-force coefficient δij Two strain gauge rosettes were attached to a RME appliance which was placed in an XY motorized stage 531PD to reproduce the same forces used in the FEA Once the system was validated, the matrix was inverted to determine forces F1 and F2 using strain values of patients Before to start with the laser application, studies in humans and animals in which LLLT was applied to increase the dental movement were reviewed Three reviewers selected the articles The resulting studies were analyzed according to the parameters used in the application of laser and existing changes clinically and histopathologically Finally, 39 children (range 6-12 years old), completed RME and were randomized to received active LLLT (n=20) or placebo (n=19) After RME a CBCT-scan was carried out The laser parameters and dose were: 660nm, 200mW, CW, InGaAlP laser, illuminated area 026cm2, 665mW/cm2, 60 seconds to four points along mid-palatal suture and 30 seconds to a point each side of the suture, 60 J, 40 J/cm2 and 30 J, 20 J/cm2 respectively A total of 7 applications were made on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 of the retention phase RME a CBCT-scan was carried out on the day of the first laser treatment and at At day 75, a second CBCT-scan was performed Two radiologists synchronized the slices of two scans to be assessed P=005 was considered to be statistically significant 
Results During the expansion phase, the highest values of accumulated strain were measured in the posterior part of the appliance for all facial biotypes, but said values passed to the anterior area at the end of the retention phase on mesocephalic and brachycephalic patients There were statistically significant differences in the strain of the posterior arms in accordance with the vertical growth pattern (P = 005) between the T7 -T2 times At 75 days’ retention, 6125% of the arms had already begun strain dissipation FEA showed that the effects of the forces on stress at the location of the arms were notably different There was a satisfactory correlation between FEA predictions and in vitro values Dissipation of F1 and F2 in patients was predicted to be 625% and 80%, respectively, after 75 days of retention 84 studies were analized 5 human studies were selected in which canine traction had been performed after removing a premolar and 11 studies in rats were selected in which firstpremolar traction was realized There were statistically significant changes in four human studies and eight animal studies In our study, at day 75 the suture was described as significantly approximate change in both groups Irradiated patients presented approximation in the anterior (p=0008) and posterior (p=0001) superior suture and less distance in the posterior superior suture (p=0040) that placebo group Limitations Gaps between suture margins of the palatine bones were not assessed 
Conclusions The accumulated strain pattern in the RME appliance can vary depending on the facial biotypeThese results back the FEA model for force prediction from experimental strain valuesAccording the review, varying the wavelength with a reasonable dose in the target zone leads to obtaining the desired biological effect and achieving a reduction of the orthodontic treatment time, althoughthere are studies that do not demonstrate any benefit according to their valuesHowever, according the results of our study, LLLT appears to stimulate the repair process during retention phase after RME 
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest 
Funding No funding sources were used 
Registration No registration was carried out 
Keywords: Strain, rapid maxillary expansion, strain gaugesValidation, finite element analysis, forces, low-lever laser therapy, tooth movement, remodeling bone, cone beam computed tomography

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Efectos a corto plazo de la expansión ortopédica del maxilar tratada con un láser de baja intensidad en dentición mixta

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Efectos a corto plazo de la expansión ortopédica del maxilar tratada con un láser de baja intensidad en dentición mixta