Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a process utilizing light and light sensitive agents (named photosensitizer (PS)) and is usually applied in an oxygen-rich environment. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the photosensitizer and subsequently transferred to surrounding molecules. Consequently, reactive oxygen species and free radicals are formed. These oxidative molecules can damage bacterial macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and may result in bacterial killing. Unlike antibiotics, APDT as a novel technique does not lead to the selection of mutant resistant strains, hence it has appealed to researchers in this field. The type of PS used in APDT is a major determinant regarding outcome. In this review, various types of PS that are used in antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy will be discussed. PSs are classified based on their chemical structure and origin. Synthetic dyes such as methylene blue and toluidine blue are the most commonly used photosensitizers in Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT). Other photosensitizers including natural PSs (e.g. curcumin and hypericin) and tetra-pyrrole structures like phthalocyanines and porphyrins have also been studied. Furthermore, nanostructures and their probable contribution to APDT will be discussed.

Photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy: an overview.

The survival rate, p , of a measured inoculum of Staph. aureus in a standard volume of denbrinated blood, is a reliable quantitative measure of the bactericidal power of blood. The number of viable organisms in the inoculum and in the blood-bacterium mixture may be estimated with the necessary accuracy by counts of colonies developing from measured volumes of the fluids let fall on to the surface of solid media. Fildes' agar was the most suitable medium for this surface-viable count, and was selected on the basis of four criteria; of the media tested it yielded the highest counts, and the counts conformed most closely to a Poisson series; and on it the mean colony size was maximum, and the coefficient of variation of colony size was minimum. On this medium, the close conformity of the separate count values to a Poisson series enabled the standard error of the survival rate to be determined from a simplification of the general expression for the standard error of a ratio. The number of colonies growing from a sample of a blood-bacterium mixture may be reduced, not by killing of the individual cocci, but as a result of their aggregation either by agglutinins in the blood, or in the cytoplasm of leucocytes that are phagocytic but not bactericidal. It appears that these mechanisms are unlikely to operate in blood-bacterium mixture containing relatively few organisms; in such mixtures the survival rate is a reflexion of the killing power only. The immunological significance of p has not been investigated, but the range of values for healthy human adults differs significantly from that for sufferers from chronic staphylococcal infection. Moreover, by the technique employed differences may be detected between individual values of p that cannot reasonably be attributed to technical or sampling errors.

The Estimation of the Bactericidal Power of the Blood. With a Note by J. O. IRWIN.

Contemporary approaches and future perspectives of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A systematic review.

Photodynamic therapy for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Optical clearing of tissues: Issues of antimicrobial phototherapy and drug delivery.

The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the expression of novel methicillin resistance markers determined using cDNA-AFLP approach in Staphylococcus aureus.

Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) causes gastroenteritis in humans and paratyphoid disease in some animals. Given the emergence of antibiotic resistance, vaccines are more effective than chemotherapy in disease control. Objectives: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of diphtheria toxoid (DT) conjugated with S. Typhimurium -derived OPS (O side chain isolation) in mice to determine its potential as a vaccine candidate against salmonellosis. Materials and Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted from the bacterial strain. After isolation of the O side chain of LPS, detoxification, and conjugation of the detoxified OPS samples with DT, pyrogenicity, toxicity, and sterility tests were performed. To vaccination, four groups of female Balb/c mice were used in an immunization test. Antibody responses were measured by the ELISA method. Challenging processes were performed to analyze the efficacy of the OPS-DT compound. Results: Two weeks after the first vaccination dose, there was no significant difference in the antibody titers of the OPS and OPS-DT groups. However, after the second and third doses, the antibody titers of the OPS-DT group increased significantly compared with those of the control groups (P OPS. The most anti-OPS IgG antibody was IgG1. Challenging procedure showed successful protective characteristics in clinical examinations. Conclusions: The results indicated that DT increased anti-OPS antibodies against the OPS-DT compound. The antibody response to OPS-DT was greater than that to OPS alone. We conclude that OPS-DT is an appropriate and acceptable vaccine candidate against salmonellosis.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-immunogenicity-of-diphtheria-toxoid-azsq4p9ail.pdf

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugated to Salmonella Typhimurium-Derived OPS in a Mouse Model: A Potential Vaccine Candidate Against Salmonellosis.

In this paper, we have proposed a nano-structured solar cell which is known as the rainbow solar cell. In this work, a multilayered rainbow type solar cell composing of the layer of nanoparticles (TiO 2 /CdS/CdTe) in sandwiched form with different thicknesses using wxAMPS software are designed and simulated. For front and back contact cell of indium tin oxide (ITO), which is one of the most popular transparent conductive oxides (TCO) and aluminum (Al) have been used, respectively. The achieved results are the energy conversion efficiency %20.1463 (V oc =0.973V، J sc =27.33 mA/cm 2 ،FF = 0.7568). The nanoparticles used in the proposed structure, have paved a new horizon for enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the nanostructure based rainbow solar cell.

Design and Simulation of a Rainbow Solar Cell using Nanoparticles (TiO2/CdS/CdTe)

Space quality in an urban area is resulted from the components which through recognizing the effects of each, solutions to improve the overall quality of urban context can be provided widely. This is even more significant in the case of informal urban fabrics where many urban spaces and individual settlements that are facing lack of environmental qualities causes the death of life in the context overtime. It means paying attention to environmental qualities in informal spaces will be one of the most vital factors in identifying areas of physical intervention to improve the quality of life. Since now, little attention has been paid to identifying effective quality indicators and areas of intervention in informal fabrics in Iran. For this reason, the current study tries to take the first steps and move forward by studying the outlines of issues related to environmental qualities and explaining how they affect the indicators of intervention in informal spaces. It will be assumed that the sustainable place model of Canter which is introduced as three main categories of functional, experimental-aesthetic and environmental indicators can be used as an effective model in defining qualitative indicators and areas of physical intervention in informal fabrics. Thus, in order to identify and prioritize areas of intervention in these urban spaces as the aim of this study, each of the index of sustainable model presents a group of sub indicators through Literature, Fuzzy Delphi Method and questionnaire survey that is conducted in peripheral informal settlements of Mashhad Metropolitan in terms of effective environmental quality components. Through weighing the criteria and sub criteria by AHP Technique, areas of physical urban intervention are recognized so that appropriate types of intervention could be suggested according to the kind of problematic urban spaces.

http://crcd.sinaweb.net/article_683375_51faffcbbd1bcd0afc1eec716fc74619.pdf

Towards Determining the Priorities in Areas of Physical Intervention Through Identification of Environmental Qualities in Urban Informal Fabrics

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Vahid Amini

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the expression of novel methicillin resistance markers determined using cDNA-AFLP approach in Staphylococcus aureus.

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugated to Salmonella Typhimurium-Derived OPS in a Mouse Model: A Potential Vaccine Candidate Against Salmonellosis.

Design and Simulation of a Rainbow Solar Cell using Nanoparticles (TiO2/CdS/CdTe)

Towards Determining the Priorities in Areas of Physical Intervention Through Identification of Environmental Qualities in Urban Informal Fabrics