An Introduction to PYTHIA 8.2

We present an updated set of parameters for the PYTHIA 8 event generator. We reevaluate the constraints imposed by LEP and SLD on hadronization, in particular with regard to heavy-quark fragmentation and strangeness production. For hadron collisions, we combine the updated fragmentation parameters with a new NNPDF2.3 LO PDF set. We use minimum-bias, Drell-Yan, and underlying-event data from the LHC to constrain the initial-state-radiation and multi-parton-interaction parameters, combined with data from SPS and the Tevatron to constrain the energy scaling. Several distributions show significant improvements with respect to the current defaults, for both ee and pp collisions, though we emphasize that interesting discrepancies remain in particular for strange particles and baryons. The updated parameters are available as an option starting from PYTHIA 8.185, by setting Tune:ee = 7 and Tune:pp = 14.

/pdf/tuning-pythia-8-1-the-monash-2013-tune-4b599x3syv.pdf

Tuning PYTHIA 8.1: the Monash 2013 Tune

We present an updated set of parameters for the PYTHIA 8 event generator. We reevaluate the constraints imposed by LEP and SLD on hadronization, in particular with regard to heavy-quark fragmentation and strangeness production. For hadron collisions, we combine the updated fragmentation parameters with the new NNPDF2.3 LO PDF set. We use minimum-bias, Drell–Yan, and underlying-event data from the LHC to constrain the initial-state-radiation and multi-parton-interaction parameters, combined with data from SPS and the Tevatron to constrain the energy scaling. Several distributions show significant improvements with respect to the current defaults, for both $$ee$$
 and $$pp$$
 collisions, though we emphasize that interesting discrepancies remain in particular for strange particles and baryons. The updated parameters are available as an option starting from PYTHIA 8.185, by setting Tune:ee = 7 and Tune:pp = 14.

/pdf/tuning-pythia-8-1-the-monash-2013-tune-3pdoticvpp.pdf

Tuning PYTHIA 8.1: the Monash 2013 tune

New physics has traditionally been expected in the high-pT region at high-energy collider experiments. If new particles are light and weakly coupled, however, this focus may be completely misguided: light particles are typically highly concentrated within a few mrad of the beam line, allowing sensitive searches with small detectors, and even extremely weakly coupled particles may be produced in large numbers there. We propose a new experiment, forward search experiment, or FASER, which would be placed downstream of the ATLAS or CMS interaction point (IP) in the very forward region and operated concurrently there. Two representative on-axis locations are studied: a far location, 400 m from the IP and just off the beam tunnel, and a near location, just 150 m from the IP and right behind the TAN neutral particle absorber. For each location, we examine leading neutrino- and beam-induced backgrounds. As a concrete example of light, weakly coupled particles, we consider dark photons produced through light meson decay and proton bremsstrahlung. We find that even a relatively small and inexpensive cylindrical detector, with a radius of ∼10  cm and length of 5–10  m, depending on the location, can discover dark photons in a large and unprobed region of parameter space with dark photon mass mA′∼10–500  MeV and kinetic mixing parameter e∼10-6-10-3. FASER will clearly also be sensitive to many other forms of new physics. We conclude with a discussion of topics for further study that will be essential for understanding FASER’s feasibility, optimizing its design, and realizing its discovery potential.

ForwArd Search ExpeRiment at the LHC

Using publicly available Monte Carlo codes as well as compilation of published data on $pp$ interactions for proton kinetic energy below 2 GeV, we parametrize the energy spectra and production rates of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays by simple but quite accurate ($\ensuremath{\le}20%$) analytical expressions in a broad range from the kinematic threshold to PeV energies.

Parametrization of gamma-ray production cross-sections for pp interactions in a broad proton energy range from the kinematic threshold to PeV energies

The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton-proton total cross section at $\sqrt{s}=8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ using a luminosity-independent method. In LHC fills with dedicated beam optics, the Roman pots have been inserted very close to the beam allowing the detection of $\ensuremath{\sim}90%$ of the nuclear elastic scattering events. Simultaneously the inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes. By applying the optical theorem, the total proton-proton cross section of $(101.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.9)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mb}$ has been determined, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections: ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{el}}=(27.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.4)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mb}$; ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{inel}}=(74.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mb}$.

/pdf/luminosity-independent-measurement-of-the-proton-proton-37hy0xlcfg.pdf

Luminosity-independent measurement of the proton-proton total cross section at √s=8 TeV.

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Luminosity-independent measurement of the proton-proton total cross section at √s=8 TeV.