A lichen research material, prepared from the species Evernia prunastri, was produced by a co-operation between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Instituto de Ciencias e Engenharia Nucleares (INETI) in Sacavem, Portugal. An international intercomparison study was carried out, with 42 independent sets of results being reported from participants in 26 countries. The statistical evaluation of the collected data resulted in recommended values for 17 elements and information values for 15 elements. The criteria for assigning the values are provided, including the use of information obtained through the parallel analysis of a second material, IAEA-359, Cabbage.

Elemental characterization of a candidate Lichen Research Material : IAEA-336

A method to determine the leachable content of90Sr in environmental samples has been developed and applied to samples contaminated by the Chemobyl fallout. It consists of the following main steps: (1) drying and ashing, (2) leaching, (3) extraction of90Y using HDEHP and (4) Cherenkov counting of90Y in the organic phase. The method is easy to carry out and with a careful evaluation of the radioactivity measurement, the method is reliable down to a practical detection limit of approximately 7 mBq leachable90Sr/g sample ash.

Development and application of a method for the determination of90Sr in environmental samples

Emergency planning activities have historically focused on the early phase of an event, especially issues associated with triaging in the initial response such as rescuing survivors. The most difficult task following an event may be the eventual recovery of society's most affected areas; the government must spend a large amount of money and effort to cope with the long-term site cleanup and restoration issues. In particular, the underlying principles and implementation guidelines for conducting the recovery effort have not been well developed. Following publication of the National Response Framework by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, some major responsibilities have been identified and defined. For example, DHS recently published Protective Action Guides as planning guidance for health protection and recovery following incidents involving Radiological Dispersal Devices or Improvised Nuclear Devices. For the first time, the guidance addresses long-term recovery issues associated with radiological events, for which an 'optimization' process is prescribed to address the multifaceted, long-term recovery effort. This article analyzes this particular subject more deeply and evaluates the critical need for further development.

Optimization Approaches to Decision Making on Long-Term Cleanup and Site Restoration Following a Nuclear or Radiological Terrorism Incident

A worldwide laboratory intercomparison was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency's Analytical Quality Control Services (AQCS) involving the determination of trace elements in plant materials used for human consumption. The National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials Program donated 5 kg of spinach designated for the production of the future Standard Reference Material SRM 1570a to this intercomparison; the AQCS provided a similar amount of cabbage. For the study, 150 units of each material were distributed and 114 laboratories reported results on both materials to AQCS. The results for the spinach, encompassing more than forty elements, have been compiled and evaluated; estimates of the elemental concentrations were made based on statistical evaluations, principles of analytical procedures and the laboratory performance indicated by the results on the cabbage material. Satisfactory estimates were obtained for 27 elements. Comparison with IAEA laboratory and NIST reference data did not reveal any significant bias that might have been introduced by the intercomparison approach or its evaluation.

Certifying the chemical composition of a biological material — a case study

Publisher Summary A determination of radionuclides in environmental samples is important in relation to the protection of human health. This chapter summarizes the main aspects of the problem of the determination of radionuclides in the environment. Environmental radiation monitoring is mainly conducted with the aim of estimating an exposure dose for people near nuclear power facilities and of protecting public health and safety. Many radionuclides, both natural and man-made, are distributed through all the compartments of the environment. They contribute to the dose received by man by inhalation, digestion, or direct exposure. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to develop experimental procedures capable of measuring even minute activities of all radioisotopes. Such capabilities exist and that the progress in this field will result in reduced minimum detection limits. An important aspect of this type of measurement is quality control, which has been receiving increased attention.

Chapter 11 Determination of radionuclides in environmental samples

Results of the intercalibration study of laboratories involved in assessing the environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident.

Intercalibration study of laboratories involved in assessing the environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident

The International Atomic Energy Agency has been providing analytical quality control services (AQCS) to its Member States since the 1960's. The AQCS programme distributes reference materials (RMs), organizes intercomparison runs, and provides training courses for quality assurance in chemical analysis and radioactivity measurements of food, biological, environmental and marine materials. This paper focusses on those aspects of the subject dealing with reference materials and intercomparison runs for the determination of radionuclides. Nineteen natural matrix reference materials are available for the determination of radionuclides. Twelve new intercomparison and reference materials are in preparation or under consideration. The radionuclides of interest include: K-40, Mn-54, Co-60, Sr-90, Tc-99, Ru-106, Ba-133, Cs-134, Cs-137, Pb-210, Ra-226, Th-228, Th-232, Pu-238, Pu-239+240.

IAEA Programme of natural matrix reference materials for the determination of radionuclides

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Results of the intercalibration study of laboratories involved in assessing the environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident.

Intercalibration study of laboratories involved in assessing the environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident

IAEA Programme of natural matrix reference materials for the determination of radionuclides