Plant canopy temperature (Tc) is partly regulated by evaporation and transpiration from the canopy surface and can be used to infer changes in stomatal regulation and vegetation water stress. In this study, we used a thermal Unmanned Aircraft Systems in conjunction with eddy covariance, sap flow, and spectral reflectance data to assess the diurnal characteristics of Tc and water stress status over a semiarid mixed conifer forest in Arizona, USA. Diurnal Tc dynamics were closely related to tree sap flow and changes in spectral reflectance associated with stomatal regulation. Consistent with previously reported deviations, we found that on average Tc was 1.8°C lower than the above canopy air temperature (Ta). However, the relationship between Tc and Ta varied significantly according to tree density and tree height classes, with taller and denser trees exhibiting relatively low |Tc‐Ta| (2.4 and 2.1°C cooler canopies, respectively) compared to shorter and less‐dense tree stands (1.7 and 1.5°C cooler canopies, respectively). We used these data to evaluate space‐borne diurnal measurements of Tc and water stress from the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) mission. We found that ECOSTRESS observations of Tc accurately tracked seasonal shifts in diurnal surface temperatures and vegetation water stress, and that site‐level observations of heterogeneity in forest composition and structure could be applied to separate the processes of canopy transpiration and soil evaporation within the ECOSTRESS footprint. This study demonstrates how proximal and satellite remote sensing approaches can be combined to reveal the diurnal and seasonally dynamic nature of Tc and water stress.

Canopy Temperature Is Regulated by Ecosystem Structural Traits and Captures the Ecohydrologic Dynamics of a Semiarid Mixed Conifer Forest Site

The water vapor in the atmosphere is mainly formed through the vaporization of water from oceans, open land water sources, and transpiration through forests and agricultural crops. In the present study, our aim was to formulate a mathematical model to see the effect of transpiration from agricultural crops on rainfall. In the model formulation, it is assumed that clouds are formed in the atmosphere through the transpiration of agricultural crops proportional to the crops apart from the oceans and other sources (assumed constant). It is observed that in the presence of agriculture crops, the average rainfall increases. In the presence of clouds, cloud seeding techniques (use of conducive aerosols) are used to stimulate rainfall, which increases the agricultural crops with saturated type functional form. To capture the impact of environmental fluctuations, the stochastic version of the proposed model is also studied. The analysis of the model reveals that cloud seeding not only increases the rainfall, but it also increases the agricultural crops and clouds in the atmospheric environment.

Mathematical Models of how the Transpiration Affects Rainfall through Agriculture Crops

Chapter 7 – Environmental Processes and Soil Liquid Phase

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Chapter 7 – Environmental Processes and Soil Liquid Phase