Aquaculture's pressure on forage fisheries remains hotly contested. This article reviews trends in fishmeal and fish oil use in industrial aquafeeds, showing reduced inclusion rates but greater total use associated with increased aquaculture production and demand for fish high in long-chain omega-3 oils. The ratio of wild fisheries inputs to farmed fish output has fallen to 0.63 for the aquaculture sector as a whole but remains as high as 5.0 for Atlantic salmon. Various plant- and animal-based alternatives are now used or available for industrial aquafeeds, depending on relative prices and consumer acceptance, and the outlook for single-cell organisms to replace fish oil is promising. With appropriate economic and regulatory incentives, the transition toward alternative feedstuffs could accelerate, paving the way for a consensus that aquaculture is aiding the ocean, not depleting it.

Correction for Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources

Nowadays fish wastes have become a global issue and their disposal may cause severe environmental pollution. To overcome this issue, these seafood by-products can be utilized for the formation of aquaculture fish feeds. These aquatic by-products include unsalable undersized fish and shrimp and those parts of fish that are not consumed as human food. These unwanted bioparts have viscera, heads, fins, and skin of fish. These by-products are rich in protein, lipids, minerals, and vitamins; therefore, they can be used as animal feeds. These by-products can be used in fish meals, fish oils (FOs), protein hydrolysates, and fish silage. Protein hydrolysates provide a high amount of nitrogen, and FO provides fatty acids and phospholipids in the animal feed industry. These by-products are processed by using many techniques such as mechanical, biotechnological techniques, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction to be suitable for animal feeding. 

Sustainable Fish and Seafood Production and Processing

Fishmeal is an important component in animal feeds for a variety of reasons. They serve as a primary protein source for animal feeds. In addition to acting as a strong attractant in feed, it is nutrient-dense and provides a highly digestible source of amino acids and essential omega-3 fatty acids. Fishmeal remains one of the most nutritionally balanced components for aquafeed, piglet, and pet diets, despite fast ingredient innovation around the world. Protein is required in all types of animal feed, and the quality of protein distinguishes one ingredient from another. Essential amino acids must be provided in the meal to promote growth. Plant-based concentrates and meals may be high in protein, but they lack some critical amino acids like lysine, methionine, and cysteine, which are abundant in fishmeal. The excellent fatty acid profile of fishmeal is another reason for utilizing fishmeal as a feed ingredient. When raw fish is processed into fishmeal, the majority of the fish oil is removed, leaving between 6 and 10% fat by weight in the meal. This percentage supplies important polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly vital omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Fishmeal output, which is crucial to the animal feed industry, has remained relatively steady year over year, while demand continues to increase rapidly. The amount of ocean-caught fish meal has dropped, while the amount of fishmeal made from processing wastes, filet trims, and offal has increased. Around 30% of the fishmeal produced globally is made from trimmings that have been up-cycled into sustainable fishmeal, contributing to 51% of all fishmeal produced globally. To meet up the demand for fish meals for the feed industry, efficient utilization of fish wastes, bycatch, and processing wastes for fish meal production via energy-efficient technologies are needed. 

Utilization of Fish Waste and By-Products for Fish Meal Production as a Potential Feed Ingredient, Fish Waste to Valuable Products: Recent Applications and Research Update

Nowadays fish wastes have become a global issue and their disposal may cause severe environmental pollution. To overcome this issue, these seafood by-products can be utilized for the formation of aquaculture fish feeds. These aquatic by-products include unsalable undersized fish and shrimp and those parts of fish that are not consumed as human food. These unwanted bioparts have viscera, heads, fins, and skin of fish. These by-products are rich in protein, lipids, minerals, and vitamins; therefore, they can be used as animal feeds. These by-products can be used in fish meals, fish oils (FOs), protein hydrolysates, and fish silage. Protein hydrolysates provide a high amount of nitrogen, and FO provides fatty acids and phospholipids in the animal feed industry. These by-products are processed by using many techniques such as mechanical, biotechnological techniques, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction to be suitable for animal feeding.

The animal-source food industry (ASFI) is currently facing important challenges derived from sustainability policies and market requirements. In this respect, the ecological footprint resulting from emissions, management of residues, effluents, and by-products has become a key factor not only due to the laws in force, but also from the point of view of operation efficiency and market requirements. This paper assesses the potential use of the organic wastes generated by the ASFI as a source of biofuel generation (i.e., biomethane) in the region of La Rioja (Spain). To this end, primary data were directly collected from factories and the so-produced wastes were sampled and characterized. Statistical inference from collected data leads to theoretically estimate that the region might produce up to 118.46 GWh per year, mainly provided from piggeries, which would replace 12.4 % of the natural gas used by the regional industry. Besides, this strategy also reduces the environmental footprint and the generation of added value for companies and rural localities. However, the analytics show that an excess of nitrogen content may hinder the calculated theoretical methane yields and lead to operational issues. Looking for biowaste from vegetable sources more optimal admixtures may be designed to address these concerns. 

Determining biomethane potential from animal-source industry wastes by anaerobic digestion: A Case Study from La Rioja, Spain

The present study was aimed to assess the effects of complete replacement of fish meal with fisheries waste meals on survival, growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and muscle compositions of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. The proximate composition and mineral contents of three different fisheries wastes, such as Rastrelliger kanagurta, Sphyraena barracuda, and Fenneropenaeus indicus were analyzed. Based on the nutrient content of these fisheries waste, one control fish meal diet and three different complete fish meal replacement diets (diet 1, diet 2, and diet 3 formulated with R. kanagurta, S. barracuda, and F. indicus waste meals, respectively) were formulated. Fingerlings C. carpio were fed with these diets for a period of 6 weeks. Results from feeding experiments showed insignificant (p > 0.05) differences in survival, growth, and feed intake of C. carpio fed with control and three different fisheries waste diets. However, the digestive enzyme activity and muscle biochemical compositions were significantly (p < 0.05) altered in F. indicus waste meal fed C. carpio compared to other fisheries waste meal and control diets fed fish groups. Therefore, the present study suggests that R. kanagurta, S. barracuda, and F. indicus waste meals can be considered as alternative feed ingredients for fish meal to formulate low-cost feeds for C. carpio culture.

Utilization of marine fisheries wastes for the production of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio.

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Utilization of marine fisheries wastes for the production of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio.