https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/4045/1/Brukas_et_at_1999_Discount_rate_manuscript.pdf

Discount rate and harvest policy: implications for Baltic forestry

Micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger remains a major global challenge for human health and wellness. The problem results from soil micro- and macro-nutrient deficiencies combined with imbalanced fertilizer use. Micronutrient-embedded NPK (MNENPK) complex fertilizers have been developed to overcome the macro- and micro-element deficiencies to enhance the yield and nutritive value of key crop products. We investigated the effect of foliar applications of an MNENPK fertilizer containing N, P, K, Fe, Zn and B in combination with traditional basal NPK fertilizers in terms of eggplant yield, fruit nutritive quality and on soil biological properties. Applying a multi-element foliar fertilizer improved the nutritional quality of eggplant fruit, with a significant increases in the concentration of Fe (+ 26%), Zn (+ 34%), K (+ 6%), Cu (+ 24%), and Mn (+ 27%), all of which are essential for human health. Increasing supply of essential micronutrients during the plant reproductive stages increased fruit yield, as a result of improved yield parameters. The positive effect of foliar fertilizing with MNENPK on soil biological parameters (soil microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase) also demonstrated its capacity to enhance soil fertility. This study suggests that foliar fertilizing with a multi-nutrient product such as MNENPK at eggplant flowering and fruiting stages, combined with the recommended-doses of NPK fertilizers is the optimal strategy to improve the nutritional quality of eggplant fruits and increase crop yields, both of which will contribute to reduce micronutrient malnutrition and hunger globally. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-09247-0.pdf

Foliar nutrient supplementation with micronutrient-embedded fertilizer increases biofortification, soil biological activity and productivity of eggplant

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces chronic food insecurity associated with soil degradation and the peculiar aftermath of climate change and exacerbated by rising population and historically poor agricultural practices. Notably, use of mineral fertilizers has the potential to counteract soil degradation in SSA; it drives an increased agricultural production required to feed the rising population while sustaining the quality and health of soils. However, limited financial resources deprive SSA of the promise of fertilizers, wherein application rates are historically low, and regimes are characterized by unbalanced nutrient composition and poor fertilizer quality. Although current global fertilizer use is generally characterized by low efficiency, SSA is most affected due to the already low usage and the quality of available fertilizer products. About 70% of fertilizer-nitrogen is lost through unregulated transformation to ammonia, nitrous oxide, and nitrate that are either volatilized or emitted into the atmosphere or leached into water bodies. Similarly, the preponderance of fertilizer-phosphorus is lost via run-off and leaching, unavailing it to plants while overloading streams and rivers and, together with nitrate, causing eutrophication. These environmental problems are accentuated in SSA where fertilizer quantity and quality issues are already a limiting factor. Notably, recent advances happening outside of SSA indicate that nutrients, when strategically formulated, such as by nano packaging, (bio)polymer encapsulation, and tunable to respond to environmental cues, can provide multiple outcomes, particularly, healthy soils with higher productivity. Therefore, presumably, a proper synthesis of the gamut of soil properties influencing plant nutrient release and availability, options for plant exposure and uptake is critical for realizing these benefits in SSA. Despite these possibilities, there is a lack of deeper context on fertilizer-related issues as they affect food and nutrition security and the health of soils in SSA. This paper provides an overview of the fertilizer-nutrient and associated agronomic, food insecurity and soil environmental challenges and opportunities, which though not exclusive to SSA per se, can be reasoned with the peculiarity of the region. This provides the impetus to increase fertilizer use efficiency, improve soil and environmental health, sustainable crop production, and food and nutrition security in SSA.

/pdf/fertilizers-for-food-and-nutrition-security-in-sub-saharan-3ny3x1rf.pdf

Fertilizers for food and nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of soil health implications

Weeds are found on every cropland across the world. Weeds compete for light, water, and nutrients with attractive plants, introduce illnesses or viruses, and attract harmful insects and pests, resulting in yield loss. New weed detection technologies have been developed in recent years to increase weed detection speed and accuracy, resolving the contradiction between the goals of enhancing soil health and achieving sufficient weed control for profitable farming. In recent years, a variety of platforms, such as satellites, airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and close-range platforms, have become more commonly available for gathering hyperspectral images with varying spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions. Plants must be divided into crops and weeds based on their species for successful weed detection. Therefore, hyperspectral image categorization also has become popular since the development of hyperspectral image technology. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral imaging techniques have recently emerged as a valuable tool in agricultural remote sensing, with tremendous promise for weed detection and species separation. Hence, this paper will review the weeds problem in rice fields in Malaysia and focus on the application of hyperspectral remote sensing imagery (HRSI) for weed detection with algorithms and modelling employed for weeds discrimination analysis.

/pdf/the-application-of-hyperspectral-remote-sensing-imagery-hrsi-2zuj4ezk.pdf

The Application of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery (HRSI) for Weed Detection Analysis in Rice Fields: A Review

• A review of different techniques for environmental control for hydroponic fodder production. • Presenting the current status and growing techniques for controlled environment fodder production (CEFP). • Discussion on thermal environment requirements for optimal and efficient fodder production. • Analyzing application of IoT-based monitoring and control system for CEFP. • Identifying challenges, opportunities, and further research need to achieve sustainability goals. Hydroponic fodder production in controlled environment (CE) settings have gained more focus in recent years due to the shortage of agricultural land for food production and the adverse effect of climate changes. However, the operation costs and dry matter issues are the major concerns for the sustainability of fodder production in the CE. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on techniques and control strategies for indoor environments and watering that are currently used and could be adopted in the future to achieve the economic and environmental sustainability of controlled environment fodder production (CEFP). The literature indicates fodder production in the modular system is becoming popular in developed countries, and low-tech systems like greenhouse are more prevalent in developing countries. The optimum temperature and RH range between 16-27°C and 70-80% to get efficient biomass yield; however, minimal research has been conducted to optimize the indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) for efficient and higher efficiency fodder production. Besides, the water-saving techniques and optimal lighting spectrum need to be studied extensively. Automating and monitoring in CEFP system could reduce operating costs and improve quality and yield. Overall, this industry might have great potential for livestock production. Still, more strong research needs to be conducted to answer nutritional concerns and reduce the capital and operating costs for CEFP. 

Present Status and Challenges of Fodder Production in Controlled Environments: A Review

This review paper aims at an in-depth analysis of the challenges, opportunities, and status of fodder production in India. A comprehensive review of available literature and various reports by govt. as well as non govt. organizations have been done as part of the methodology for preparing the manuscript. India caters to approximately 20% of the world's livestock population and about 17.5% of the human population on just 2.3% of the world's land area. The human population is increasing at a pace of 1.6% per annum, while the livestock population is increasing at a rate of 0.66% per year. Theses increasing human and animal populations are fighting tooth and nail for land resources for food and fodder production, respectively. As a result, cultivated fodders occupy only 4% of the entire cultivable land in the country. Presently, the country faces a net shortfall of 35.6% green fodder, 10.5% dry crop leftovers, and 44% concentrate feed ingredients. The option for increasing land area under fodder cultivation is very limited. Hence, it is big challenge in front of us to utilize the available meagre land wisely with its fullest potential to produce the fodders for the animals. Which could be achieved by adopting suitable cropping systems, incorporation of fodder crops in food and other cash crop-based cropping systems on rotational basis, production of fodder on degraded lands by adopting fodder-based agro forestry systems and exploring other options of green fodder like azolla. The cropping system with forage crops provides a potential alternative to overcome the fodder problem as it utilizes the resources more efficiently. 

A review of India’s fodder production status and opportunities

Rice is considered one of the most important staple foods in the world as it supplies the major food requirement for more than one half of the world’s population. Traditionally, rice is grown by raising rice nursery and transplanting one month old nursery seedlings in a puddle and flooded field.1 This method not only effectively suppresses the rice weeds by preventing the light to reach the weeds through a layer of the standing water and also provides the rice plants with a better growing environment.2 However, this method of rice establishment requires immense labour and water.3 Out of the total amount of water (~150cm), 20-25cm is used only for puddling (intensive cultivation in wet conditions). Puddling breaks soil aggregates, and soil becomes hard after drying, leading to the development of cracks and thereafter the water requirement increases manifold because of deep percolation through cracks. Puddling also results in poor soil physical conditions for establishing and raising succeeding crops.4 In the backdrop of the declining water resources and reduced availability of the labour, the conventionally flooded rice system is losing its sustainability and economic viability. Declined water table, increasing costs of diesel and electricity and climatic changes have further aggravated the problem. Due to these reasons there is a need to shift from the conventionally flooded transplantation to direct seeding. Directseeded rice (DSR) is the oldest method of rice establishment and prior to the late 1950s, direct seeding was the major method used in developing countries.5 At present, 23% of rice is direct-seeded globally.6 DSR is being cultivated successfully in many parts of the world like China, Australia, Malaysia, United States, and Sri Lanka etc.2 Transplanted irrigated rice in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand has been largely replaced by DSR.5 DSR is being practiced on terraced and sloppy lands of Bangladesh, along the coast and Western Himalayan region of India. In India, direct seeding of rice is largely a low-productivity system more common in rainfed areas. Direct seeding offers such advantages as faster and easier planting, reduced labour and drudgery, earlier crop maturity by 7–10 days, more efficient water use and higher tolerance of water deficit, fewer methane emission (Dry-seededDSR<Wet-seeded-DSR<Transplanted Rice), and often higher profit in areas with an assured water supply.7 Direct seeding also eliminates the use of seedlings and related operations such as seeding, nursery preparation and care of seedlings, pulling, bundling, transporting, and transplanting.8 Direct seeding is a good alternative of transplanting and yield potential of DSR is equivalent to the transplanted rice under good water management and weed control conditions.9 Direct seeding of rice is accomplished by either of the methods as water seeding, wet seeding and dry seeding.2 A DSR crop grown without standing water, intended to use less irrigation water than conventional flooded rice, is referred as aerobic rice. Dry-seeding of rice with subsequent aerobic soil conditions eliminates the need of puddling and maintains submerged soil conditions, thus reducing the overall water demand and providing opportunities for water and labour savings.10 However, weeds are a serious problem because dry tillage practices and aerobic soil conditions are conducive for germination and growth of weeds, which can cause grain yield losses from 50 to 90%.11 The productivity of the DSR is often reported to be lower, mainly due to problems associated with weed management. In order to save water and labour and promote conservation agriculture, with no/reduced tillage, it is absolutely essential to replace puddled transplanting with direct seeding.

/pdf/ecologically-sustainable-integrated-weed-management-in-dry-2szr26fxxc.pdf

Ecologically sustainable integrated weed management in dry and irrigated direct-seeded rice

Influence of organic nutrient sources and moisture management on productivity, biofortification and soil health in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) + clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba) intercropping system of semi-arid India

Field experiments were conducted during rabi (winter) seasons of 2011–12 and 2012–13 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (India) to find out the effect of phenological stages based irrigation scheduling, super absorbent polymer (hydrogel) and NPK rates on wheat. Four irrigations given at CRI (23 DAS), tillering (44 DAS), boot leaf (83 DAS) and milking stage (105 DAS) recorded maximum grain yield, straw yield, NPK uptake and water use efficiency in wheat. The grain yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency were maximum when wheat crop was given 100% recommended NPK in combination with hydrogel at 5 kg/ha in the sandy loam soil of Varanasi.

Effect of hydrogel, NPK and irrigation levels on yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Trends in Inter-State Inequality in the Performance of Co-Operative Marketing Societies in India

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