ALICE is the heavy-ion experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The experiment continuously took data during the first physics campaign of the machine from fall 2009 until early 2013, using proton and lead-ion beams. In this paper we describe the running environment and the data handling procedures, and discuss the performance of the ALICE detectors and analysis methods for various physics observables.

/pdf/performance-of-the-alice-experiment-at-the-cern-lhc-3v531yoy85.pdf

Performance of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC

A 4096 pixel Photon Counting Chip (PCC) has been developed and tested. It is aimed primarily at medical imaging although it can be used for other applications involving particle counting. The readout chip consists of a matrix of 64 by 64 identical square pixels, whose side measures 170 micrometers and is bump-bonded to a similar matrix of GaAs or Si pixel diodes covering a sensitive area of 1.18 cm2. The electronics in each cell comprises a preamplifier, a discriminator with variable threshold and a 3-bit threshold tune as well as a 15-bit counter. Each pixel can be individually addressed for electrical test or masked during acquisition. A shutter allows for switching between the counting and readout modes and the use of static logic in the counter enables long data taking periods. Electrical test of the chip have shown a maximum counting and readout modes and the use of static logic in the counter enables long data taking periods. Electrical test of the chip have shown a maximum counting rate of up to 2 MHz in each pixel. The minimum reachable threshold is 1400 e with a variation of 350 e rms that can be reduced to 80 e rms after tuning with the 3-bit adjustment. Electrical noise at the input is 170 e rms. Several read-out chips have been bump bonded to 200 micrometers thick GaAs pixel detectors. Test with (gamma) -ray and (beta) sources have been carried out. A number of objects have been imaged and a 260 micrometers thick aluminum foil which represents a contrast to the surrounding air of only 1.9 percent has been correctly imaged.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

/pdf/performance-of-a-4096-pixel-photon-counting-chip-52xzl6dlu2.pdf

Performance of a 4096-pixel photon counting chip

CMOS cameras revolutionized the visible imaging world, and now also move into other fields. After years of intensive research with significant progress and introduction in a few experiments, monolithic active pixel sensors integrating sensor matrix and readout in one piece of silicon are considered for wider application in high energy physics. Detailed requirements and implementation of CMOS sensors in high energy physics differ from those for visible light. This paper tries to give an overview. 

Monolithic CMOS Sensors for high energy physics – challenges and perspectives

This paper presents the test results of a prototype asynchronous hybrid pixel amplifier array chip, the PAC2, which is primarily intended for time resolved X-ray diffraction experiments, where the ability to provide time and spatial resolution in high fluxes is particularly important. The chip consists of an 8 × 8 array of 300 × 300 μ m 2 pixels, fabricated in 1.5 μm CMOS technology. Individual PAC2 amplifiers show an equivalent noise charge performance of less than 211 electrons r.m.s., with pixel to pixel comparator offset variations of 110 electrons r.m.s. The lower energy limit for X-ray detection can be as low as 4 keV, and results are presented from a prototype PAC2/silicon detector set-up which demonstrate close to 100% detection efficiency for 5.9 keV 55 Fe X-rays.

Hybrid pixel detector for time resolved X-ray diffraction experiments at synchrotron sources

/pdf/rd19-status-report-and-addendum-development-of-hybrid-and-2k1s6lutg6.pdf

RD19: status report and addendum. Development of hybrid and monolithic silicon micropattern detectors

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RD19: status report and addendum. Development of hybrid and monolithic silicon micropattern detectors