In this work trace lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) and elemental boron are alloyed with Ti-6Al-4V and their effects on the microstructure, tensile properties (including anisotropy) and melt pool shape during Additive Manufacturing (AM) are investigated. During the melting process, the LaB6 scavenges oxygen and decomposes into La2O3 and TiB. The presence of the rare earth element drastically changes the apparent surface tension and shape of the deposited layers. This is attributed to the Heiple-Roper effect and could have benefits during AM in producing components with unsupported overhangs. The formation of eutectic TiB during the final stages of solidification results in highly directional TiB needles in between columnar grains that are aligned with the build direction. The slow cooling rate during deposition of approximately 90–100 °C s−1 produces very large TiB particles which can exceed 50 µm in length. Although improving strength by up to 10%, under tensile stress the high aspect ratio TiB particles are sites for crack opening which leads to a decline in ductility in the longitudinal test direction and a corresponding increase in anisotropy over unmodified Ti-6Al-4V.

Effect of trace lanthanum hexaboride and boron additions on microstructure, tensile properties and anisotropy of Ti-6Al-4V produced by additive manufacturing

Effects of Er addition on the crystallization characteristic and microstructure of Al-2wt%Fe cast alloy

First-principles study on the crystal, electronic structure and mechanical properties of hexagonal Al3RE (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) intermetallic compounds

The statistical model for describing network-forming systems, developed in our previous works, is applied to study of metallic alloys with chemical bonding. The model is based on the representation of the sum of statistical weights over all possible configurations for a thermoreversible network in the form of a functional integral over a scalar field. The mean-field solution of the model is derived, and for particular case of a binary alloy having single element of chemical short-range order A 2 B-type, thermodynamic and structural properties have been analyzed. This analysis allows to plot the temperature–concentration phase diagram of the model representing two immiscibility gap meeting in the distectic point. It is shown that at some temperatures and concentrations, geometry percolation of the network of chemical bonds and thus a sol–gel transition may take place. The critical percolation line was plotted in common with phase diagram. Then, the structural transitions, glass-forming ability and magnetic properties of Al–R alloys are discussed in the frames of this conception. It is proposed that the range of easy glass formation is confined on the left by the minimal concentration for the sol–gel transition and on the right by the concentration corresponding to the fractal-to-Euclidian crossover in the structure of percolation cluster. Finally, the abnormal growth of Al-REM magnetic susceptibility occurring above melting point of Al 2 R compound is also explained.

Statistical description of glass-forming alloys with chemical interaction: Application to Al–R systems

Microstructural evolution of Mg-Al-Re alloy reinforced with alumina fibers

The magnetic susceptibility of Al3R and Al11R3 (R = Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb) compounds is investigated over wide temperature (300–1900 K) and field (0.2–1.2 T) ranges. It is found that microinclusions of Al2R can exist in the samples. They are not detectable in ordinary X-ray diffraction but give a significant contribution to the magnetic properties. The average effective magnetic moment per rare-earth atom changes through the rare-earth metals line reaching its maximum for holmium but rather lower than for the pure rare-earth metals. It means that rare-earth elements form covalent bonds with aluminum. These bonds remain in the liquid phase and begin to break down after melting point of Al2R only. The transition into a true solution state of the melt is somewhere above 1900 K.

Magnetic studies of intermetallic compounds Al3R (Al11R3) both in the solid and liquid states

Magnetic susceptibility of dilute Al-Ce and Al-Dy alloys is investigated in wide temperature and field ranges including liquid and amorphous phases. The abnormal behavior of susceptibilit y above melting point of Al 2R compound is discovered. The concentration curves (χ vs %REM) have oscillating shape similar in solid and liquid states. The existence of Al2R quasimoleculars is highly probable in these alloys and their destruction starts only above melting point of Al 2R compound. Magnetic properties of the alloys depend on behavior of such quasimoleculars - creation of chains, nets etc. The estimation of some parameters for such chains and nets is given.

Magnetic properties of dilute Al-REM alloys in liquid and amorphous states

In this work, we present experimental data of physical properties (viscosity, surface tension, magnetic susceptibility and electroresistivity) studies for Al–R (R = Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb and Y) alloys and first intermetallic compounds from aluminum side, Al 11 R 3 (Al 3 R). All properties were measured during heating up to 2000 K and the following cooling down under helium atmosphere. The main results are: (1) the electronic characteristics of the objects are in good correlation with R positions in the periodic table, but rather lower than for pure elements. The conclusion is that through all investigated temperature range, the rare-earth elements have partly covalent but not only metallic states; (2) all the melts remain strongly microheterogeneous even at high overheatings above liquidus. The existence of associations with Al 2 R type is highly probable here. Some destruction of these associations takes place with increasing temperature above melting point at the composition of Al 2 R compound. However, the transformation into true solution state is somewhere above 1900 K. To check the idea, the thermodynamic modeling of the melts was performed. It was shown that associates with Al 2 R type are stable up to 2000 K.

Physical properties of Al–R melts

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Magnetic studies of intermetallic compounds Al3R (Al11R3) both in the solid and liquid states

Magnetic properties of dilute Al-REM alloys in liquid and amorphous states

Physical properties of Al–R melts