Renewable and sustainable biobased materials: An assessment on biofibers, biofilms, biopolymers and biocomposites

Epoxy biocomposites were prepared using acid-, base- and silane-treated novel Caryota urens natural fibres (CUFs). The primary aim of this research is to reveal a better surface treatment method to achieve improved mechanical, thermal and fatigue properties of Caryota fibre epoxy composite system. The composites were prepared using hand layup method and post cured at 120 °C for 48 h. The tensile, flexural and impact results show that the silane surface–treated Caryota urens fibre–reinforced epoxy composite possesses improved mechanical properties than the base- and acid-treated Caryota urens fibres in the epoxy composite. Similarly, the inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of silane-treated Caryota urens–reinforced epoxy composite gives the highest value of 28 MPa. The TGA shows a large mass loss for both acid- and base-treated Caryota urens epoxy composites whereas the silane-treated Caryota urens in epoxy composite retains the thermal stability. The fatigue behaviour of silane surface–modified Caryota urens epoxy composite shows the highest fatigue life cycle of 18,315 for 25% of maximum tensile stress. The SEM micrographs show improved adhesion for silane-treated CUF than those treated with acid and base. This Caryota urens fibre–reinforced epoxy composite could be used in automobile body parts, domestic appliances, defence products and lightweight mini-aircrafts.

Mechanical, thermal and fatigue behaviour of surface-treated novel Caryota urens fibre–reinforced epoxy composite

Smart and novel materials require the replacement of conventional composites with superior ones, which requires an advanced class of composites with multi-functionality. Multi-scale composites are advanced composites that are reinforced with nanoscale materials along with macroscale fibers, and these materials have attracted the attention of researchers as well as various industries. Multi-scale composites have potential applications in almost every field due to their remarkable features like extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and optical properties; extremely high aspect ratios of the nanomaterial constituents; and the uniformity, flexibility, and stability of the fibers. To optimize the performance of these kinds of composites, it is crucial to understand the selection of appropriate reinforcements, processing, and utilization of these advanced materials. Most reviews in this area concentrate only on CNTs, while this review considers other nanomaterials too. Additionally, various methods to improve the dispersion of nanomaterials into the matrix are also discussed. Overall, this article focuses on the components of multi-scale composites, key challenges related to their processing, and the multi-functionality of designed multi-scale composites.

Reinforcements in multi-scale polymer composites: Processing, properties, and applications

In this research mechanical, thermal, and water uptake behaviour of silane-treated sea-urchin spike filler and kenaf fibre mat-reinforced neem oil blended epoxy resin composite has been studied. The principal aim of this research was fabrication of eco-friendly composite and explicit the importance of silane-treatment on reinforcement’s surface. Neem oil blended with epoxy resin to convert it as an eco-friendly one, whereas additions of kenaf fibre and sea urchin particles into neem-epoxy matrix made the composites tougher. Both filler and fibre was surface-treated by an amino silane (APTMS). The results revealed that, additions of surface-treated sea urchin particle and kenaf fibre increased the mechanical properties of composite. Similarly thermal results exposed that addition of sea urchin bio ceramic filler increased the thermal stability of neem-epoxy bio composite. SEM fractograph showed uniform dispersion of sea urchin filler and improved adhesion of kenaf fibre with epoxy matrix.

Fabrication and characterization of echinoidea spike particles and kenaf natural fibre-reinforced Azadirachta-Indica blended epoxy multi-hybrid bio composite

Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/16/2710/pdf

Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments.

Thermo-mechanical characterization of siliconized E-glass fiber/hematite particles reinforced epoxy resin hybrid composite

In this research work the mechanical strength behaviour of silane treated e-glass fibre, Aluminium 6061 and stainless steel 304 metal wire mesh reinforced epoxy resin hybrid composites were analyzed. The principal objective of this research work is to unveil the importance of silane treatment on metal surface in adhesion and delamination resistance in composites. The reinforcements were acid etched then silanated by 3-Aminopropyletrimethoxylane via aqueous solution method. The mechanical properties were found increase for surface modified reinforcements rather than as-received reinforcement epoxy composites. Maximum tensile strength, flexural strength and Izod impact energy of 134 MPa, 241 MPa and 5.4 J were observed for composite consist of surface modified SS-304 wire mesh and e-glass fibre. The surface treated SS-304 steel mesh reinforced epoxy composite gives ¾ of penetration depth from the impacting side while the other composites gives maximum penetration. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed the improved bonding of e-glass fibre and metal wire meshes with epoxy resin.

Mechanical Strength Behaviour of Silane Treated E-glass Fibre/Al 6061 & SS-304 Wire Mesh Reinforced Epoxy Resin Hybrid Composite

Effect of silane-grafted orange peel biochar and areca fibre on mechanical, thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of epoxy resin composites

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