A very intense neutrino super beam experiment for leptonic CP violation discovery based on the European spallation source linac

The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is a high-intensity proton facility being developed to support a world-leading neutrino program over the next two decades at Fermilab. PIP-II is an integral part of the U.S. Intensity Frontier Roadmap as described in the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report of May 2014 [1]. As an immediate goal PIP-II is focused on upgrades to the Fermilab accelerator complex capable of providing a beam power in excess of 1 MW on target at the initiation of LBNF [1,2] operations. PIP-II is a part of a longer-term concept for a sustained campaign of upgrades and improvements to achieve multi-MW capabilities at Fermilab. PIP-II is based on three major thrusts. They are (1) the recently completed upgrades to the Recycler and Main Injector (MI) for the NOvA experiment, (2) the Proton Improvement Plan [3] currently underway, and (3) the Project X Reference Design [4]. Note that:  The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) consolidates a set of improvements to the existing Linac, Booster, and Main Injector (MI) aimed at supporting 15 Hz Booster beam operation. In combination, the NOvA upgrades and PIP create a capability of delivering 700 kW beam power from the Main Injector at 120 GeV;  The scope of the Project X Reference Design Report was aimed well beyond PIP. It described a complete concept for a multi-MW proton facility that could support a broad particle physics program based on neutrino, kaon, muon, and nucleon experiments [5,6]. The Project X conceptual design has evolved over a number of years, incorporating continuous input on physics research goals and advances in the underlying technology development programs [7,8,9]. PIP-II, to high degree, inherits these goals as the goals for future developments and upgrades. This document (PIP-II Reference Design Report) describes an initial step in the development of the Fermilab accelerating complex. The plan described in this Report balances the far-term goals of the Laboratory's long baseline neutrino mission with the near- and mid-term goals identified at the Snowmass workshop [10] and endorsed by the P5 report [1].

The PIP-II Reference Design Report

It is proposed to complement the ESS proton linac with equipment that would enable the production, concurrently with the production of the planned ESS beam used for neutron production, of a 5 MW beam of 10$^{23}$ 2.5 GeV protons per year in microsecond short pulses to produce a neutrino Super Beam, and to install a megaton underground water Cherenkov detector in a mine to detect $\nu_e$ appearance in the produced $\nu_\mu$ beam. Results are presented of preliminary calculations of the sensitivity to neutrino CP violation and the mass hierarchy as a function of the neutrino baseline. The results indicate that, with 8 years of data taking with an antineutrino beam and 2 years with a neutrino beam and a baseline distance of around 400 km, CP violation could be discovered at 5 $\sigma$ (3 $\sigma$) confidence level in 48% (73%) of the total CP violation angular range. With the same baseline, the neutrino mass hierarchy could be determined at 3 $\sigma$ level over most of the total CP violation angular range. There are several underground mines with a depth of more than 1000 m, which could be used for the creation of the underground site for the neutrino detector and which are situated within or near the optimal baseline range.

The use the a high intensity neutrino beam from the ESS proton linac for measurement of neutrino CP violation and mass hierarchy

The EUROnu project has studied three possible options for future, high intensity neutrino oscillation facilities in Europe The first is a Super Beam, in which the neutrinos come from the decay of pions created by bombarding targets with a 4 MW proton beam from the CERN High Power Superconducting Proton Linac The far detector for this facility is the 500 kt MEMPHYS water Cherenkov, located in the Fr\'ejus tunnel The second facility is the Neutrino Factory, in which the neutrinos come from the decay of {\mu}+ and {\mu}- beams in a storage ring The far detector in this case is a 100 kt Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector at a baseline of 2000 km The third option is a Beta Beam, in which the neutrinos come from the decay of beta emitting isotopes, in particular 6He and 18Ne, also stored in a ring The far detector is also the MEMPHYS detector in the Fr\'ejus tunnel EUROnu has undertaken conceptual designs of these facilities and studied the performance of the detectors Based on this, it has determined the physics reach of each facility, in particular for the measurement of CP violation in the lepton sector, and estimated the cost of construction These have demonstrated that the best facility to build is the Neutrino Factory However, if a powerful proton driver is constructed for another purpose or if the MEMPHYS detector is built for astroparticle physics, the Super Beam also becomes very attractive

The EUROnu Project

Very intense neutrino beams and large neutrino detectors will be needed to enable the discovery of CP violation in the leptonic sector. The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, is a research center that will provide, by 2023, the world's most powerful neutron source. The average power will be 5 MW. Pulsing this linac at higher frequency, at the same instantaneous power, will make it possible to raise the average beam power to 10 MW to produce, in parallel with the spallation neutron production, a high performance neutrino Super Beam of about 0.4 GeV mean neutrino energy. The ESS neutrino Super Beam, ESSnuSB, operated with a 2.0 GeV linac proton beam, together with a large underground Water Cherenkov detector located at 540 km from Lund, close to the second oscillation maximum, will make it possible to discover leptonic CP violation at 5 sigma significance level in 56 percent (65 percent for an upgrade to 2.5 GeV beam energy) of the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase range after 10 years of data taking. The paper gives an overview of the proposed facility and presents the outstanding physics reach possible for CP violation with ESSnuSB.

The opportunity offered by the ESSnuSB project to exploit the larger leptonic CP violation signal at the second oscillation maximum and the requirements of this project on the ESS accelerator complex

basic parameters like rf frequency, accelerating gradient, and operating temperature of the superconducting cavities have been reassessed, taking into account the experience accumulated in the world during the recent years, especially for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oakridge and the International Linear Collider (ILC) projects. The conclusions confirm the validity of the initial choices, namely, the rf frequency of 704.4 MHz and the cooling temperature of � 2K . However, the assumed gradients are estimated as optimistic: additional tests are necessary during the coming years to properly define the values to be used in the SPL design. This analysis is documented and its results are explained in this report.

/pdf/assessment-of-the-basic-parameters-of-the-cern-3mebrlupbd.pdf

Assessment of the basic parameters of the CERN Superconducting Proton Linac

During the past 2 years the Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) study has grown into an international collaboration with the goal of optimising the architecture of a pulsed superconducting (SC) high-power proton linac. This effort includes the study and prototyping of major technical components, such as SC high-gradient cavities, power couplers, the RF distribution system, HOM couplers, cryo-modules, focusing elements, etc. Even though the effort is driven by CERN’s specific needs, the established design principles are valid for a range of SC linac projects. In this paper we report on the latest decisions concerning the machine architecture and on the ongoing R&D effort for technical components.

/pdf/layout-and-machine-optimisation-for-the-spl-at-cern-56bwys71v2.pdf

Layout and machine optimisation for the spl at cern

As part of the upgrade of the LHC injector complex at CERN, the construction of a 4 GeV Superconducting Proton Linac (the SPL, in fact an H accelerator) is planned to begin in 2012. Depending upon physics requests, it should be upgradeable to 5 GeV and multiMW beam power at a later stage. The construction of Linac4, its low energy front end, has started at the beginning of 2008. A full project proposal with a cost estimate for the low power version of the SPL aimed at improving LHC performance has to be ready for mid2011. As a first step towards that goal, essential machine parameters like RF frequency, cooling temperature and accelerating gradient have recently been revisited and plans have been drawn for designing and testing critical components.

/pdf/plans-for-a-superconducting-h-linac-spl-at-cern-1c9vxfoqdz.pdf

Plans for a Superconducting H- Linac (SPL) at CERN

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Assessment of the basic parameters of the CERN Superconducting Proton Linac

Layout and machine optimisation for the spl at cern

Plans for a Superconducting H- Linac (SPL) at CERN