Monocharged electret based liquid-solid interacting triboelectric nanogenerator for its boosted electrical output performance

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is in the spotlight due to its advantages of material and processing diversity. Despite these advantages, for its practical utilization, the output performance of the TENG still needs to be enhanced. Unlike most of the previous approach to increase triboelectricity between two contact surfaces, in this paper, the output performance is significantly enhanced by improving the electrical charge induction through employment of a stably pre-charged electret. The main advantages of the proposed strategy is stable long term output enhancement of the TENG. For the first time, the eminent concept of “quality of electrical charges” on the electret is proposed as the degree of helpfulness of the electrical charges to enhance the electrical output performance of the TENG. In this regard, a procedure to develop the electret with high quality electrical charges in deep traps, which determines long-term performance of the TENG, is systematically investigated to maximize the amount of electrical charges and simultaneously minimize their escape to the external environment. In consequence, unlike existing studies only focusing on immediate enhancement of electrical output performance of the TENG with electret, this study provides the strategy to stably enhance the output performance for a long time. This strategy becomes dominant especially with weak contact force generating small oscillation without strong contact between two materials. Thus, using the developed electret, enhanced and reliable performance of the energy harvester is further demonstrated as a proof of niche application to effectively harvest energy from weak vibration of an automobile engine.

High Quality Electret Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Boosted and Reliable Electrical Output Performance

Tetrafluoroethylene–hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP) films were treated with titanium-tetrachloride vapor in a molecular-layer deposition process. As a result of the surface treatment, significant improvements of the thermal and temporal charge stability were observed. Charge-decay measurements revealed enhancements of the half-value temperatures and the relaxation times of positively charged FEP electrets by at least 120 °C and two orders of magnitude, respectively. Beyond previous publications on fluoropolymer electrets with surface modification, we here report enhanced charge stabilities of the FEP films charged in negative as well as in positive corona discharges. Even though the improvement for negatively charged FEP films is moderate (half-value temperature about 20 °C higher), our experiments show that the asymmetry in positive and negative charge stability that is typical for FEP electrets can be overcome by means of chemical surface treatments. The results are discussed in the context of the formation of modified surface layers with enhanced charge-trapping properties.

Higher stabilities of positive and negative charge on tetrafluoroethylene–hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP) electrets treated with titanium-tetrachloride vapor

Through mixing isotactic-polypropylene (i-PP) and atactic-polypropylene (a-PP), we have demonstrated the importance of the crystallinity in polypropylene as an electret material. Samples with crystallinities between 7 % and 47 % were used. A high degree of crystallinity in polypropylene, used as an electret, gives a better charge stability with respect to temperature and humidity changes. The semicrystalline i-PP significantly outperforms a-PP regarding charge stability. a-PP is an amorphous polymer. By mixing a-PP and i-PP, the degree of crystallinity can be controlled, while all other sample preparation processes and characteristics can be identical. This is important since the performance of an electret material is sensitive to its previous process history. Activation energies used for predicting the thermal potential decay are determined from thermally stimulated current and isothermal potential decay experiments. Activation energies from 0.98 eV to 1.41 eV were determined. From these values, a very good agreement was achieved between the experimental potential decay at room temperature for more than 290 days, and a theoretical estimation of the potential decay.

/pdf/electret-stability-related-to-the-crystallinity-in-22swvf4x7q.pdf

Electret stability related to the crystallinity in polypropylene

Through mixing isotactic-polypropylene (i-PP) and atactic-polypropylene (a-PP), we have demonstrated the importance of the crystallinity in polypropylene as an electret material. A high degree of crystallinity in polypropylene, used as an electret, gives a better charge stability towards temperature and humidity changes. The semicrystalline i-PP significantly outperforms a-PP regarding charge stability. a-PP is an amorphous polymer. By mixing a-PP and i-PP the degree of crystallinity can be controlled, while all other sample preparation processes and characteristics can be identical. This is important since the performance of an electret material is sensitive to its previous process history.

/pdf/electret-stability-related-to-the-crystallinity-in-2jzd500t0q.pdf

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films have been treated with titanium-tetrachloride vapor by means of the molecular-layer-deposition method. It is shown that such a treatment leads to a considerable improvement of the electret properties for both positively and negatively charged films. The temperature stability of the electret homo-charge has been increased by approximately 60°C. At the same time, the temporal stability of charge is also considerably improved. Modified low-density polyethylene films show no “cross-over phenomenon” when charged to higher voltages. Thus, it is now possible to produce electrets from polyethylene films with high initial charge densities, but without a strongly reduced charge stability. The influence of a chemical treatment with titanium-tetrachloride vapor on charge injection from aluminum electrodes into polyethylene films was also investigated. It is found that the interface between an aluminum electrode and a modified LDPE surface layer has different injection properties for positive and negative charges. Electrons can be injected across the modified interface, whereas injection of holes is either very limited or non-existent.

Enhanced electret charge stability on polyethylene films treated with titanium-tetrachloride vapor

The late Professor Miron Amusia was a key figure in theoretical atomic physics on the international stage for more than five decades [...]

/pdf/atoms-special-issue-many-electron-and-multiphoton-atomic-1fzurpt1.pdf

“Atoms” Special Issue (Many-Electron and Multiphoton Atomic Processes: A Tribute to Miron Amusia)

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Enhanced electret charge stability on polyethylene films treated with titanium-tetrachloride vapor

“Atoms” Special Issue (Many-Electron and Multiphoton Atomic Processes: A Tribute to Miron Amusia)