Addition polymers from natural oils- : A review

Natural Kaolinitic clays containing transition metals Fe and Ti in their lattice have been examined for their acidic properties and catalytic activity for the alkylation of benzene with benzyl chloride. Calcination of the clays at 550 °C and subsequent acid-activation using 2 M HCl (1 M = 1 mol dm−3) rendered the kaolinite surface highly acidic with very high acid amount. These clays exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity for the conversion of benzyl chloride to diphenylmethane. Al(III), Fe(II), and Ti(II) ions exsolved from the lattice of kaolinites by acid activation relocate in the interlamellar space and boost the Bronsted acidity of coordinated hydroxo and proposed to initiate the alkylation. In fact kaolinites having structural transition metal, on acid activation exhibited higher acid amount and enhanced catalytic activity than kaolinites devoid of transition metals and recently studied alkylation catalysts such as synthetic TiO2–SiO2–Al2O3 and Fe2O3–SiO2–Al2O3. Natural kaolinitic clays ...

Acidic properties and catalytic activity of natural kaolinitic clays for Friedel-Crafts alkylation

Paraffin compositions including mainly even carbon number paraffins, and a method for manufacturing the same, is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the method involves contacting naturally occurring fatty acid/glycerides with hydrogen in a slurry bubble column reactor containing bimetallic catalysts with equivalent particle diameters from about 10 to about 400 micron. The even carbon number compositions are particularly useful as phase change material.

Even carbon number paraffin composition and method of manufacturing same

Investigations are carried out to have a systematic comparison of the acidic properties and catalytic activities of single oxide TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, their binary oxides and the ternary oxide TiO2–SiO2–Al2O3. The acidity distributions are measured by using butylamine titration technique and the test reactions selected for the catalytic activity measurements are alkylation of toluene with 2-propanol and the dehydration of 2-propanol. The single oxides have only low acid strength and are not at all active in catalyzing the alkylation reaction, but are marginally active in the dehydration of 2-propanol. However the binary oxides SiO2–TiO2 and Al2O3–TiO2 of 10% by weight of TiO2 are found to contain very strong acid sites Ho≤−8.2 and are highly active catalysts in both the test reactions. But TiO2–SiO2–Al2O3 of 10% by weight of TiO2 showed the highest acid amount and the highest activity in the aikylation and dehydration reactions compared to the binary oxides. The acid amount and the catalytic activity of the ...

A Comparative Study on the Acidic Properties and Catalytic Activities of TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, SiO2–Al2O3, SiO2–TiO2, Al2O3–TiO2, and TiO2–SiO2–Al2O3

Bio-based rubbers prepared by tandem cationic polymerization and ROMP using a norbornenyl-modified linseed oil, Dilulin ™ , and a norbornene diester, NBDC, have been prepared and characterized. Increasing the concentration of the NBDC in the mixture results in a decrease in the glass transition temperature. The new bio-based rubbers exhibit tensile test behavior ranging from relatively brittle (18% elongation) to moderately flexible (52% elongation) and with decreasing values of tensile stress with increasing NBDC content. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the bio-based rubbers have maximum decomposition temperatures of over 450 °C with their thermal stability decreasing with increasing loadings of NBDC.

Bio-Based Rubbers by Concurrent Cationic and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of a Modified Linseed Oil

Styrene was found to yield saturated and unsaturated linear oligomers in the presence of a surface-supported catalyst, molybdenum oxide on silica-alumina. The reaction rates, the structure, and the molecular weight distribution of the products were found to be controlled by the choice of the solvent. Higher-molecular-weight fractions were favored in isooctane, whereas low-molecular-weight oligomers were preferred in dioxane. The reaction followed first-order kinetics with respect to the monomer. End-group analysis suggests a probable cationic mechanism. Approximate transfer constants KtrKp were deduced from product distribution data. The behavior of the surface-supported catalyst was compared with other cationic catalyst systems.

Oligomerization of styrene over molybdenum oxide on silica‐alumina catalyst

A process is described for the oligomerization of methyl ester of dehydrated castor oil fatty acid over molybdenum oxide on silica–alumina catalyst. The process is compared with thermal oligomerization. The nature of the reaction in both the processes are shown to be the same from the structural elucidation of the product despite the variation in product composition. The percentage of dimer in the product in both the processes is observed to attain an equilibrium value at around 270°C. The catalytic process is shown to follow a second-order kinetics with respect to the monomer, whereas the thermal reaction follows a first-order kinetics. The kinetic scheme derived for the catalytic process is shown to be consistent with the steps of the general mechanism proposed for oligomerization reactions over transition metal catalysts [V. G. Kumar, S. Venkatachalam, and K.V.C. Rao, J. Poly. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 22, 3850 (1984)].

Kinetics of oligomerization of methyl ester of dehydrated castor oil fatty acid over molybdenum oxide on silica–alumina catalyst in comparison with the thermal oligomerization process

A process is described for the conversion of methylricinoleate, the major castor oil, fatty acid ester, directly into esters of dimer and oligomer acids by using molybdenum oxide on a silica–alumina catalyst. The dehydration of the methylricinoleate into a corresponding mixture of conjugated and nonconjugated olefins and the oligomerization reaction took place side by side in a continuous column, fixed-bed reactor. The products are characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and MS. The fragmentation pattern in the mass spectrum of the dimeric species distilled from the mixture reveals that the product contains cyclic and acyclic isomeric structures. The mechanism of dimerization and oligomerization reactions to transition metal complexes and transition metal oxide catalyst systems is reviewed briefly and the possibility of a common mechanism for all similar systems is suggested. A general mechanism for oligomerization reactions to similar catalysts is proposed and the products of the present reaction are explained on the basis of the proposed mechanism.

Insitu dehydro‐oligomerization of castor oil, fatty acid ester into esters of dimer and oligomer acids over molybdenum oxide on silica‐alumina catalyst

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Oligomerization of styrene over molybdenum oxide on silica‐alumina catalyst

Kinetics of oligomerization of methyl ester of dehydrated castor oil fatty acid over molybdenum oxide on silica–alumina catalyst in comparison with the thermal oligomerization process

Insitu dehydro‐oligomerization of castor oil, fatty acid ester into esters of dimer and oligomer acids over molybdenum oxide on silica‐alumina catalyst