“SuomiNet,” a university-based, real-time, national Global Positioning System (GPS) network, is being developed for atmospheric research and education with funding from the National Science Foundation and with cost share from collaborating universities. The network, named to honor meteorological satellite pioneer Verner Suomi, will exploit the recently shown ability of ground-based GPS receivers to make thousands of accurate upper- and lower-atmospheric measurements per day. Phase delays induced in GPS signals by the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere can be measured with high precision simultaneously along a dozen or so GPS ray paths in the field of view. These delays can be converted into integrated water vapor (if surface pressure data or estimates are available) and total electron content (TEC), along each GPS ray path. The resulting continuous, accurate, all-weather, real-time GPS moisture data will help advance university research in mesoscale modeling and data assimilation, severe weather, precipita...

/pdf/suominet-a-real-time-national-gps-network-for-atmospheric-4rivb7ymcg.pdf

SuomiNet: A Real-Time National GPS Network for Atmospheric Research and Education.

A simple model of energy exchange between the land surface and the atmospheric boundary layer, driven by input that can be derived primarily through remote sensing, is described and applied over continental scales at a horizontal resolution of 10 km. Surface flux partitioning into sensible and latent heating is guided by time changes in land surface brightness temperatures, which can be measured from a geostationary satellite platform such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. Other important inputs, including vegetation cover and type, can be derived using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in combination with vegetation and land use information. Previous studies have shown that this model performs well on small spatial scales, in comparison with surface flux measurements acquired during several field experiments. However, because the model requires only a modicum of surface-based measurements and is designed to be computationally efficient, it is particularly well suited for regional- or continental-scale applications. The input data assembly process for regional-scale applications is outlined. Model flux estimates for the central United States are compared with climatological moisture and vegetation patterns, as well as with surface-based flux measurements acquired during the Southern Great Plains (SGP-97) Hydrology Experiment. These comparisons are quite promising.

Estimating Fluxes on Continental Scales Using Remotely Sensed Data in an Atmospheric–Land Exchange Model

This article surveys the history and current state of the art of visualization in meteorology, focusing on visualization techniques and tools used for meteorological data analysis. We examine characteristics of meteorological data and analysis tasks, describe the development of computer graphics methods for visualization in meteorology from the 1960s to today, and visit the state of the art of visualization techniques and tools in operational weather forecasting and atmospheric research. We approach the topic from both the visualization and the meteorological side, showing visualization techniques commonly used in meteorological practice, and surveying recent studies in visualization research aimed at meteorological applications. Our overview covers visualization techniques from the fields of display design, 3D visualization, flow dynamics, feature-based visualization, comparative visualization and data fusion, uncertainty and ensemble visualization, interactive visual analysis, efficient rendering, and scalability and reproducibility. We discuss demands and challenges for visualization research targeting meteorological data analysis, highlighting aspects in demonstration of benefit, interactive visual analysis, seamless visualization, ensemble visualization, 3D visualization, and technical issues.

Visualization in Meteorology—A Survey of Techniques and Tools for Data Analysis Tasks

Tetsuya (Ted) Fujita was a pioneer in remote sensing of atmospheric motion When meteorological satellites were introduced, he developed techniques for precise analysis of satellite measurements (sequences of images from polar orbiting platforms first and then from geostationary platforms) Soon after his initial work, the ability to track clouds and relate them to flow patterns in the atmosphere was transferred into routine operations at the national forecast centers Cloud motion vectors derived from geostationary satellite imagery have evolved into an important data source of meteorological information, especially over the oceans The current National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service operational production of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite cloud and water vapor motion winds continues to perform well; rms differences with respect to raob's are found to be 65–75 m s–1

Cloud Tracking with Satellite Imagery: From the Pioneering Work of Ted Fujita to the Present

In the wake of the eastern United States cyclone of 12‐14 March 1993, a cold surge, originating over Alaska and western Canada, brought northerlies exceeding 20 m s21 and temperature decreases up to 158C over 24 h into Mexico and Central America. This paper addresses the multiscale aspects of the surge from the planetary scale to the mesoscale, focusing on 1) the structure and evolution of the leading edge of the cold surge, 2) the reasons for its extraordinary intensity and equatorward extent, and 3) the impact of the surge on the Tropics, specifically, on the strength of the trade winds and on the sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific. The cold surge was initiated as a developing cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico, and an upstream anticyclone east of the Rockies caused an along-barrier pressure gradient to form, forcing topographically channeled northerlies along the Rocky and Sierra Madre Mountains to transport cold air equatorward. On the mesoscale, the leading edge of the cold surge possessed nonclassical frontal structure. For example, as the cold surge entered Mexico, the coldest air and the strongest wind arrived at about 900 hPa before affecting the surface, suggestive of a tipped-forward leading edge to the surge. Also, satellite imagery and surface observations indicate that the leading edge appeared to be successively regenerated in the warm presurge air. The cold surge had characteristics reminiscent of a Kelvin wave, a tipped-forward cold front, a pressure-jump line, a bore, and a gravity current, but none of these conceptual/dynamical models was fully applicable. Associated with the cold surge, gap winds up to 25 m s21 were observed in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec (a tehuantepecer), Fonseca, Papagayo, and Panama, owing to the strong cross-mountain pressure gradient. In the case of the tehuantepecer, a rope cloud emanated from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and turned anticyclonically, consistent with an inertial oscillation. On the synoptic and planetary scales, the extraordinary equatorward extent of the cold surge was aided by topographic channeling similar to cold-air damming, by a low-latitude upper-tropospheric trough, and by the lower branch of the secondary circulation associated with a confluent jet-entrance region aloft. The cold surge also impacted the tropical atmosphere and ocean, by contributing to the strengthening of the northeast trade winds over the eastern Pacific Ocean and by inducing local cooling of the sea surface temperature in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo by about 48‐88C.

/pdf/the-1993-superstorm-cold-surge-frontal-structure-gap-flow-43axa97tk9.pdf

The 1993 Superstorm Cold Surge: Frontal Structure, Gap Flow, and Tropical Impact

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