We review modern HF–X band radars covering over-the-horizon problems. The ionosphere significantly affects wave propagation in all the bands. We describe available correction techniques, which use additional evidence on the ionosphere, as well as models of different degrees of complexity. The fact that the field of view cannot be covered by ground-based instruments as well as the growing requirements to the precision and stability of the radars result in the impossibility of ionospheric correction with up-to-date models, hence the latter require further elaboration. We give a virtually full classification of the models. The article summarizes the requirements to the models for the radars depending on their function.

/pdf/analyzing-existing-applied-models-of-the-ionosphere-for-55oei8ygpu.pdf

Analyzing Existing Applied Models of the Ionosphere for Calculating Radio Wave Propagation and Possibility of Their Use for Radar Systems. I. Classification of Applied Models and the Main Requirements Imposed on Them for Radar Aids

Definition of the level for diagnostic TEC slips determined by GPS observation in various latitude regions

Contribution of High-Latitude Ionospheric Current Systems to Azimuthal and Meridional Propagation of Pc5 Pulsations

Comparative Analysis of Meridional and Azimuthal Propagation of Magnetic Variations and Equivalent Current Vortices of Geomagnetic Pc5 Pulsations

The response of the total electron content (TEC) of Earth’s ionosphere to impulse geomagnetic disturbances, traveling convection vortices (TCVs), is considered in the paper. The data of networks of ground-based magnetometers in Canada and Greenland were used to reveal TCVs, whereas the TEC variations were obtained by processing the data of the IGS and UNAVCO receiving stations of the global positioning system (GPS). Ionospheric disturbances related to TCVs are detected. Using the station network makes it possible to estimate the dynamics of formation and velocity of propagation of the disturbance in space.

Response of Ionospheric Total Electron Content to Convective Vortices

In this paper we offer a method to define the threshold that is critical and may be considered as a slip while estimating the speed of TEC variations. This method is based on the statistical analysis of the parameter under consideration. The aim of the method is an experimental evaluation of the threshold for the statistical value of TEC leaps, measured using the “tails” of examined distributions with the physically adequate significance level established by the latitudinal properties and other geo- and geliophysical parameters. It was established that the value of the threshold for the measured values to be considered as a statistical noise depends on the latitude of the observation region. The analysis was carried out for 2010 and 2014 under different geo- and geliophysical conditions, during the phases of minimum and practical maximum of the 24th solar cycle. We consider an interval of 2σ as an optimal statistical parameter value to estimate the leap.

The method to use GPS observations for statistical evaluation of the diagnostic slips level of total electron content at different latitudes

We examine the manifestation of Travelling Convection Vortices (TCV) in the ionosphere of the Earth in a form of fluctuations of its Total Electron Content (TEC). To detect TCV event we have used magnetometer data from the ground arrays CANMOS and CARISMA. TEC fluctuations were obtained by processing GNSS data from IGS and UNAVCO stations. The use of array of GPS receivers enables us to monitor the origin and dynamics of disturbance and also to obtain its physical parameters such as its amplitude and propagation speed along the ionosphere. For processing GPS data we have developed an algorithm that allows to detect isolated TEC fluctuations of specific duration and to find their location (and the corresponding time) on the map. In this way we successfully find a considerable agreement between data from ground-based magnetometers and ionospheric TEC data. The formation of TCV is observed almost simultaneously in both data time series and it is localized in a very small map region. We have also estimated the horizontal propagation speed of ionospheric disturbance. The calculated speed values (about some km per sec) are in agreement with expected velocities of the ionospheric projection of the solar wind flow around the magnetopause. The most interesting thing is that we can observe the formation of TCV in the ionospheric data while analyzing the amplitudes of disturbance. We also distinguish an origin of a probable TCV as a series of small scale TEC fluctuations. These results proved that GPS/TEC technique is sufficiently sensitive to monitor a formation and movement of TCV. The form of this disturbance is an isolated peak in a TECdata with a rather high amplitude. It reveals itself as a very fast TEC variation with a derivative up to 5 TECu/min and higher near a place of the TCV formation. Away from an “epicenter” of TCV-related disturbance its amplitude slowly decreases.

The response of the ionospheric TEC on travelling convection vortices

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Response of Ionospheric Total Electron Content to Convective Vortices

The method to use GPS observations for statistical evaluation of the diagnostic slips level of total electron content at different latitudes

The response of the ionospheric TEC on travelling convection vortices