Ordered magnetic nanostructures: fabrication and properties

Lithographic processing and film growth technologies are continuing to advance, so that it is now possible to create patterned ferroic materials consisting of arrays of sub-1 μm elements with high definition. Some of the most fascinating behaviour of these arrays can be realised by exploiting interactions between the individual elements to create new functionality. The properties of these artificial ferroic systems differ strikingly from those of their constituent components, with novel emergent behaviour arising from the collective dynamics of the interacting elements, which are arranged in specific designs and can be activated by applying magnetic or electric fields. We first focus on artificial spin systems consisting of arrays of dipolar-coupled nanomagnets and, in particular, review the field of artificial spin ice, which demonstrates a wide range of fascinating phenomena arising from the frustration inherent in particular arrangements of nanomagnets, including emergent magnetic monopoles, domains of ordered macrospins, and novel avalanche behaviour. We outline how demagnetisation protocols have been employed as an effective thermal anneal in an attempt to reach the ground state, comment on phenomena that arise in thermally activated systems and discuss strategies for selectively generating specific configurations using applied magnetic fields. We then move on from slow field and temperature driven dynamics to high frequency phenomena, discussing spinwave excitations in the context of magnonic crystals constructed from arrays of patterned magnetic elements. At high frequencies, these arrays are studied in terms of potential applications including magnetic logic, linear and non-linear microwave optics, and fast, efficient switching, and we consider the possibility to create tunable magnonic crystals with artificial spin ice. Finally, we discuss how functional ferroic composites can be incorporated to realise magnetoelectric effects. Specifically, we discuss artificial multiferroics (or multiferroic composites), which hold promise for new applications that involve electric field control of magnetism, or electric and magnetic field responsive devices for high frequency integrated circuit design in microwave and terahertz signal processing. We close with comments on how enhanced functionality can be realised through engineering of nanostructures with interacting ferroic components, creating opportunities for novel spin electronic devices that, for example, make use of the transport of magnetic charges, thermally activated elements, and reprogrammable nanomagnet systems.

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Artificial ferroic systems: novel functionality from structure, interactions and dynamics

Coulomb interactions in two-dimensional lattice structures.

Ground state and vibrations of dipoles on a honeycomb lattice.

9-(Bis-p-tert-octylphenyl)-amino-perylene-3,4-dicarboxy anhydride (BOPA-PDCA) is a strongly dipolar molecule representing a group of asymmetrically substituted perylenes that are employed in dye-sensitized solar cells and hold great promise for discotic liquid crystal applications. Thin BOPA-PDCA films with orientated dipole moments can potentially be used to tune the energy-level alignment in electronic devices and store information. To help assessing these prospects, we here elucidate the molecular self-assembly and electronic structure of BOPA-PCDA employing room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy in combination with ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. BOPA-PCDA monolayers on Au(111) exclusively form in-plane antiferroelectric phases. The molecular arrangements, the increase of the average number of molecules per unit cell via ripening, and the rearrangement upon manipulation with the STM tip indicate an influence of the dipole moment on the molecular assembly an...

Monolayer Phases of a Dipolar Perylene Derivative on Au(111) and Surface Potential Build-Up in Multilayers

Stabilization of the long-range order within a square dipole lattice by the quadrupole interaction

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Stabilization of the long-range order within a square dipole lattice by the quadrupole interaction