http://apsychoserver.psychofizz.psych.arizona.edu/JJBAReprints/PSYC501A/Readings/Polich_2007_Clin_Neurophys_Review_P3s.pdf

Updating P300: An Integrative Theory of P3a and P3b

Two extant evolutionary models, biological sensitivity to context theory (BSCT) and differential susceptibility theory (DST), converge on the hypothesis that some individuals are more susceptible than others to both negative (risk-promoting) and positive (development-enhancing) environmental conditions. These models contrast with the currently dominant perspective on personal vulnerability and environmental risk: diathesis stress/dual risk. We review challenges to this perspective based on emerging theory and data from the evolutionary, developmental, and health sciences. These challenges signify the need for a

/pdf/differential-susceptibility-to-the-environment-an-narm8grnxj.pdf

Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary--neurodevelopmental theory.

This article reviews the literature on sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) in light of growing evidence from evolutionary biology that many personality differences in nonhuman species involve being more or less responsive, reactive, flexible, or sensitive to the environment. After briefly defining SPS, it first discusses how biologists studying animal personality have conceptualized this general environmental sensitivity. Second, it reviews relevant previous human personality/temperament work, focusing on crossover interactions (where a trait generates positive or negative outcomes depending on the environment), and traits relevant to specific hypothesized aspects of SPS: inhibition of behavior, sensitivity to stimuli, depth of processing, and emotional/physiological reactivity. Third, it reviews support for the overall SPS model, focusing on development of the Highly Sensitive Person (HSP) Scale as a measure of SPS then on neuroimaging and genetic studies using the scale, all of which bears on the extent to which SPS in humans corresponds to biological responsivity.

Sensory Processing Sensitivity A Review in the Light of the Evolution of Biological Responsivity

This article examines the relation between adult shyness and sensory-processing sensitivity and posits a new model in which the interaction of sensitivity and adverse childhood environment leads to negative affectivity (with the highly sensitive being more impacted), which in turn leads to shyness. Consistent with this model, two questionnaire studies (Ns = 96 and 213) supported three hypotheses: (a) sensory-processing sensitivity interacts with recalled quality of childhood parental environment to predict shyness, (b) sensory-processing sensitivity interacts in the same way with childhood environment to predict negative affectivity, and (c) the interaction effect on negative affectivity mediates the effect on shyness. Hypothesis 2 was tested and supported in an additional questionnaire study (N = 393) and also in an experiment (N = 160) that manipulated negative contemporaneous experience as an analog for adverse childhood environment.

/pdf/adult-shyness-the-interaction-of-temperamental-sensitivity-3411eeyrzw.pdf

Adult Shyness: The Interaction of Temperamental Sensitivity and an Adverse Childhood Environment

Energetical bases of extraversion: effort, arousal, EEG, and performance

Initial research on individual differences in personality centered on the development of questionnaires. These were the only available tools for the description and prediction of behavior. Later, trait models were developed that attempted to move from personality description to a multilevel causal form of explanation. As noted by Gale & Eysenck (1992), psychometric methods have achieved good levels of predictive validity for psychologically and socially important human behaviors. This success in describing personality bolstered attempts to identify the biological substrate of psychometric derived indices of individual variation. Scores on psychometric instruments are examined using a variety of procedures that record bioelectrical signals. These include procedures to monitor autonomic nervous system activity, such as electrodermal and cardiac recordings, and cortical activity, with electroencephalographic and event-related potential procedures. Investigations of elementary physiological events in normal thinking, feeling, and interacting individuals are now feasible. The techniques provide windows through which psychological processes and neurological generators of bioelectric activity can be observed unobtrusively (see, e.g. the recent Handbook of Psychophysiology b Cacioppo et al. 2000). A number of different psychophysiological responses and methods are applied to verify hypotheses and for further exploration of the biological bases of temperament and personality dimensions, notably extraversion (E), neuroticism (N) and sensation seeking (SS). The research on biological and psychophysiological determinants of temperament and personality emerged from specific hypotheses proposed by Pavlov and Eysenck in their classic experimental research on personality (Eysenck 1963, 1967; Nebylitsyn & Gray 1972; Strelau 1983). This chapter begins with a brief outline of the main hypotheses that were explored using psychophysiological methods to study individual differences in personality, with specific emphasis on the extraversion trait. Subsequently, the most consistent psychophysiological results will be described and discussed.

On the Psychophysiology of Extraversion

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On the Psychophysiology of Extraversion