Multi-view environments for software development allow different views of a software system to be defined to cover the requirements of different stakeholders. One way of ensuring consistency of overlapping information often contained in such views is to project them “on demand” from a Single Underlying Model (SUM). However, there are several ways to construct and adapt such SUMs. This paper presents four archetypal approaches and analyses their advantages and disadvantages based on several new criteria. In addition, guidelines are presented for selecting a suitable SUM construction approach for a specific project.

Classifying Approaches for Constructing Single Underlying Models

In model-driven engineering, powerful query/view languages exist to compute result sets/views from underlying models. However, to use these languages effectively, one must understand the query/view language concepts as well as the underlying models and metamodels structures. Consequently, it is a challenge for domain experts to create queries/views due to the lack of knowledge about the computer-internal abstract representation of models and metamodels. To better support domain experts in the query/view creation, the goal of this paper is the presentation of a generic concept to specify queries/views on models without requiring deep knowledge on the realization of modeling languages. The proposed concept is agnostic to specific modeling languages and allows the query/view generation by-example with a simple mechanism for filtering model elements. Based on this generic concept, a generic query/view language is proposed that uses role-oriented modeling for its non-intrusive application for specific modeling languages. The proposed language is demonstrated based on the role-based single underlying model (RSUM) approach for AutomationML to create queries/views by-example, and subsequently, associated viewtypes to modify the result set or view.

/pdf/a-generic-language-for-query-and-viewtype-generation-by-412mkvizx1.pdf

A generic language for query and viewtype generation by-example

With the increase in size, complexity and heterogeneity of software-intensive systems, it becomes harder for single persons to manage such systems in their entirety. Instead, various parts of systems are managed by different stakeholders based on their specific concerns. While the concerns are realized by viewpoints, the conforming views contain projected parts of the system under development. After analyzing existing techniques to develop new viewpoints and views on top of existing systems, this paper presents an approach that defines new viewpoints and views in a coupled way based on operators. This operator-based approach is used to define new viewpoints and views for an existing Module-based description of architectures.

Operator-based Viewpoint Definition.

Projective modeling environments offer a more efficient and scalable way of supporting multiple views of large software systems than traditional, synthesis-based approaches to view-based development. However, the definition of the view projection transformations needed to create views, on demand, from the single underlying model and ensure that they remain synchronized is a complex and time-consuming process. In particular, to make views editable, the projection process involves the creation of “traces” to map view model elements to their sources in the single underlying model. While this is unavoidable for most view types, for a commonly occurring special case this level of complexity is not required. In this paper we therefore present a simpler approach, based on the OCL language, which simplifies the projection definitions for this kind of view. The approach is defined in the context of a deep, view-based modeling environment which combines support for views with multi-level modeling in order to seamlessly cover all phases of a system’s life cycle.

Simplified View Generation in a Deep View-Based Modeling Environment

In view-based software development, viewsmay share concepts and thus contain redundant or dependent information. Keeping the individual views synchronized is a crucial property to avoid inconsistencies in the system. In approaches based on a Single Underlying Model (SUM), inconsistencies are avoided by establishing the SUM as a single source of truth from which views are projected. To synchronize updates from views to the SUM, delta-based consistency preservation is commonly applied. This requires the views to provide negrained change sequences which are used to incrementally update the SUM. However, the functionality of providing these change sequences is rarely found in real world applications. Instead, only state-based dierences are persisted. Therefore, it is desirable to also support views which provide state-based dierences in delta-based consistency preservation. This can be achieved by estimating the ne-grained change sequences from the state-based dierences. This thesis evaluates the quality of estimated change sequences in the context of model consistency preservation. To derive such sequences, matching elements across the compared models need to be identied and their dierences need to be computed. We evaluate a sequence derivation strategy that matches elements based on their unique identier and one that establishes a similarity metric between elements based on the elements’ features. As an evaluation baseline, dierent test suites are created. Each test consists of an initial and changed version of both a UML class diagram and consistent Java source code. Using the dierent strategies, we derive and propagate change sequences based on the state-based dierence of the UML view and evaluate the outcome in both domains. The results show that the identity-based matching strategy is able to derive the correct change sequence in almost all (97 %) of the considered cases. For the similarity-based matching strategy we identify two reoccurring error patterns across dierent test suites. To address these patterns, we provide an extended similarity-based matching strategy that is able to reduce the occurrence frequency of the error patterns while introducing almost no performance overhead.

Derivation of Change Sequences from State-Based File Dierences for Delta-Based Model Consistency

Models@runtime (M@RT) suffer from information fragmentation across heterogeneous runtime models conforming to several metamodels that are filled with information from a source model. This creates an amount of related models with replicated information. In contrast, a recent approach to software engineering utilizes Single Underlying Model (SUM) to generate views of a software system on demand. The views represent fragments specifying required information for model instances. This results in an increasingly complex source model which is consistent from scratch and views with relations between each other that require complex processes to maintain consistency. Thus, to hold the views and models consistent at runtime, an intuitive approach for the creation of an adaptable SUM should be introduced that permits runtime synchronization and adaptation of views. We propose utilizing the concept of roles in the domain of SUM-based software engineering and M@RT. Based on existing work in the area of role modeling, we present a Role-oriented Single Underlying Model approach that provides a natural way to create views from a running model. We show how the role concept simplifies the creation of runtime models as views from a SUM, provide an incremental view update approach, and introduce a flexible adaptation mechanism. Finally, we illustrate our approach with two example views to explain the benefits of a role-oriented SUM.

/pdf/model-synchronization-with-the-role-oriented-single-1x9ifbu9dr.pdf

Model Synchronization with the Role-oriented Single Underlying Model.

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Model Synchronization with the Role-oriented Single Underlying Model.