https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc) in the treatment of various diseases The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (eg, natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area

/pdf/nano-based-drug-delivery-systems-recent-developments-and-2xpm2mog5c.pdf

Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects

Sustainability is a key principle in natural resource management, and it involves operational efficiency, minimisation of environmental impact and socio-economic considerations; all of which are interdependent. It has become increasingly obvious that continued reliance on fossil fuel energy resources is unsustainable, owing to both depleting world reserves and the green house gas emissions associated with their use. Therefore, there are vigorous research initiatives aimed at developing alternative renewable and potentially carbon neutral solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels as alternative energy resources. However, alternate energy resources akin to first generation biofuels derived from terrestrial crops such as sugarcane, sugar beet, maize and rapeseed place an enormous strain on world food markets, contribute to water shortages and precipitate the destruction of the world's forests. Second generation biofuels derived from lignocellulosic agriculture and forest residues and from non-food crop feedstocks address some of the above problems; however there is concern over competing land use or required land use changes. Therefore, based on current knowledge and technology projections, third generation biofuels specifically derived from microalgae are considered to be a technically viable alternative energy resource that is devoid of the major drawbacks associated with first and second generation biofuels. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms with simple growing requirements (light, sugars, CO 2 , N, P, and K) that can produce lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in large amounts over short periods of time. These products can be processed into both biofuels and valuable co-products. This study reviewed the technologies underpinning microalgae-to-biofuels systems, focusing on the biomass production, harvesting, conversion technologies, and the extraction of useful co-products. It also reviewed the synergistic coupling of microalgae propagation with carbon sequestration and wastewater treatment potential for mitigation of environmental impacts associated with energy conversion and utilisation. It was found that, whereas there are outstanding issues related to photosynthetic efficiencies and biomass output, microalgae-derived biofuels could progressively substitute a significant proportion of the fossil fuels required to meet the growing energy demand.

/pdf/biofuels-from-microalgae-a-review-of-technologies-for-1t1wwr5e69.pdf

Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review

The synthesis of nanoparticles with desired size and shape is an important area of research in nanotechnology. Use of biological system is an alternative approach to chemical and physical procedures for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. An efficient environment-friendly approach for the biosynthesis of rapid and stable Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using whole cells of Geotrichum candidum is discussed in this paper. The enzymes/proteins present in the microorganism might be responsible for the reduction of metal salts to nanoparticles. Various reaction parameters such as culture age, temperature, pH, metal salt, and cell mass concentrations were optimized. The AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nanoparticles were isolated by sonicating the whole cells after treatment with Tween 80. The whole cell mediated process showed the simplistic, feasible, easy to scale up, and low-cost approach for the synthesis of AuNPs.

/pdf/synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-using-whole-cells-of-3aw2b4ntj5.pdf

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Whole Cells of Geotrichum candidum

Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Candida viswanathii

Studies on the dephosphorylation of phytic acid in livestock feed using phytase from Aspergillus niger van Teighem

The enantioselective reduction of various heteroaryl methyl ketones, such as 2-, 3-, and 4-acetyl pyridines, 2-acetyl thiophene, 2-acetyl furan, and 2-acetyl pyrrole, was carried out with the resting cells of a novel yeast strain Candida viswanathii. Excellent results were obtained with acetyl pyridines. Moderate conversion took place with 2-acetyl thiophene, but no significant reduction was observed with 2-acetyl furan and 2-acetyl pyrrole. In the case of acetyl pyridines, the bioreduction was found to be sensitive toward the nature of substitution on the pyridine nucleus and the conversion followed the order 4-acetyl pyridine > 3-acetyl pyridine > 2-acetyl pyridine. Reduction of 3-acetyl pyridine with a high conversion (>98%) and excellent enantioselectivity (ee >99%) provided the biocatalytic preparation of (S)-α-(3-pyridyl)ethanol, a key intermediate of pharmacologically interesting alkaloids–akuamidine and heteroyohimidine. Finally, preparative scale reduction of 3-acetyl pyridine has been carried out with excellent yield (>85%) and almost absolute enantioselectivity (ee >99.9%).

Candida viswanathii as a novel biocatalyst for stereoselective reduction of heteroaryl methyl ketones: a highly efficient enantioselective synthesis of (S)-α-(3-pyridyl)ethanol

A methodology to enhance biological delivery of photosensitizers by incorporating them into nanomaterials has been developed. In order to prepare photosensitizer nanoconjugates as biocompatible and selective probes, initially, bioconjugatable porphyrinic photosensitizers were prepared through rational routes. The porphyrins with carboxyl groups (as conjugatable handles) were successfully attached on the surface of the bioinspired nanoparticles (through a stable ester bond formation) affording hydrophilic and biocompatible nanophotosensitizers. The loading efficiency of the photosensitizer into nanomaterials was found to be 12–16%. Given their biocompatibility and efficient loading on nanoparticles, the photosensitizers prepared in this study could find use in photodynamic therapy and dual photodynamic–photothermal therapy.

Bioinspired nanophotosensitizers: synthesis and characterization of porphyrin–noble metal nanoparticle conjugates

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