In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), communication links break more frequently due to the high-speed vehicles. In this paper, a novel cluster-based VANET oriented evolving graph (CVoEG) model is proposed by extending the existing VoEG model to improve the reliability of vehicular communications. Here, the link reliability is used as a criterion for cluster members (CMs) and cluster heads (CHs) selection. The proposed CVoEG model divides VANET nodes (vehicles) into an optimal number of clusters (ONC) by using Eigen gap heuristic. In a given cluster, a vehicle will be selected as a CH, if it has a maximum Eigen-centrality score. Based on the CVoEG model, a reliable routing scheme called CEG-RAODV is proposed to find the most reliable journey (MRJ) from source to destination. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the existing schemes in terms of reliability, reliable routing request (RRR), packet delivery ratio (PDR), end to end (E2E) delay, and throughput.

An Unsupervised Cluster-Based VANET-Oriented Evolving Graph (CVoEG) Model and Associated Reliable Routing Scheme


 Routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a hectic challenge due to the dynamic nature of the network. The provisional communication links are assured due to the infrastructure-independent capability of MANET, but with no proper centralized monitoring process, which makes routing in MANETs with respect to the security and trust a major issue. Thus, the paper introduces Advanced Encryption Standard-enabled Trust-based Secure Routing protocol based on the proposed Dolphin Cat Optimizer (AES-TDCO), which is an energy and trust-aware routing protocol. The proposed Dolphin Cat Optimizer is engaged in the optimal route selection based on the modeled objective function based on the trust factors, recent trust, historical trust, direct and indirect trust in addition to delay, distance and link lifetime. The Dolphin Cat Optimizer is the integration of Dolphin Echolocation and Cat Swarm Optimization algorithm that inherits the faster global convergence. The simulation using 75 nodes revealed that the proposed routing protocol acquired the maximal throughput, minimal delay, minimal packet drop and detection rate of 0.6531, 0.0107, 0.3267 and 0.9898 in the absence of network attacks and 0.7693, 0.0112, 0.3605 and 0.9961 in the presence of the network attacks.

Trust-Based Secure Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

The wireless sensor networks WSN is the most substantial network utilized in the IoT based applications. The WSN consists of various sensor nodes used for the data transmission. The sensor nodes in source are transmitting the data in the destination sensor nodes are expected to be in a secure manner and in less amount of time.For provide secure transmission of data and to reduce the transmission time the clustering based novel Fuzzy C-means clustering approach and enhanced ECC- ElGamal encryption algorithm has been proposed in this study. By using cluster coefficient, the ideal cluster heads CHs are selected in the network which possess highest neighbouring nodes, smallest distance from base station and highest residual energy. Then encrypted key is predicted by base station using modified co-efficient based key generation and transmit the nodes through CH. Then the data encrypted using enhanced ECC-ElGamal encryption and then allows decryption process. Hence secure transmission with the authentication achieved and analysis of overall performance analysis has been made and compared with existing methods.The performance analysis of the proposed technique are compared with existing ECC and RSA algorithm shows that the overall processing time are decreased and also the network is highly secured in terms of varying the nodes from 10 to 100.

Highly Secured Cluster Based WSN Using Novel FCM and Enhanced ECC-ElGamal Encryption in IoT

The reliability, scalability, and stability of routing schemes are open challenges in highly evolving vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Cluster-based routing is an efficient solution to cope with the dynamic and inconsistent structure of VANETs. In this paper, we propose a cluster-based routing scheme (hereinafter referred to as connectivity-based clustering), where link connectivity is used as a metric for cluster formation and cluster head (CH) selection. Link connectivity is a function of vehicle density and transmission range in the proposed connectivity-based clustering scheme. Moreover, we used a heuristic approach of spectral clustering for the optimal number of cluster formation. Lastly, an appropriate vehicle is selected as a CH based on the maximum Eigen-centrality score. The simulation results show that the suggested connectivity-based clustering scheme performs well in the optimal number of cluster selections, strongly connected (STC) route selection, and route request messages (RRMs) in the discovery of a particular path to the destination. Thus, we conclude that link connectivity and the heuristic approach of spectral clustering are valuable additions to existing routing schemes for high evolving networks.

A Connectivity-Based Clustering Scheme for Intelligent Vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are now used for both commercial and military purposes. This technology is not without its share of issues and challenges. The high mobility of UAVs leads to frequent topology changes which may lead to packet loss or routing path failure. The high mobility of the nodes poses a more significant challenge in maintaining active communication links between the nodes. Routing is an integral part of transmission as the establishment of an active route between the source node and the final destination node is vital. It becomes necessary to identify the most optimal path before transmission. To counter these challenges, a secure energy efficient dynamic routing protocol (SEEDRP), is proposed for reliable and secure transmission. The SEEDRP works on two phases (1) SEEDRP-Routing (2) SEEDRP-Security. The first phase implements a distinct dynamic routing algorithm that finds a cost-effective path between the source and the destination nodes. The second phase of the proposed work focuses on a Distinct Dynamic Key generation scheme that secures the transmitted data. The proposed technique is juxtaposed with other existing techniques using a network simulator. The results show that the proposed technique aims at maximizing the QoS standards and helping the nodes save their energy without undermining performance. The SEEDRP scheme helps FANETs achieve good throughput and an effective packet delivery ratio. The SEEDRP is assessed and analyzed using the NS3 simulator to compare its salient characteristics with the existing protocols for FANETs.

SEEDRP: a Secure Energy Efficient Dynamic Routing Protocol in Fanets

Clustering can be made effective in CEAACK MANETs by opting for a cluster head mechanism which ensures that control rests with a single powerful node within a cluster. This cluster head takes on the responsibility of routing the packets efficiently by coordinating with the base station. Generally route maintenance and route discovery is a very important mechanism for maintaining route life. In route discovery, a flooding scheme is usually used to send and receive the route request and route reply message. Based on the route discovery, the routing methods are categorized into Proactive and Reactive methods. Reactive Routing Protocol is also called On Demand Routing Protocol like AODV (AdHoc on Demand Vector Routing) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and they can improve the scalability of CEAACK MANETs by limiting the routing overhead when a new route is requested. However, due to node mobility in CEAACK MANETs, frequent link breakages may lead to frequent path failures and route discoveries, which could increase the overhead of routing protocols and reduce the packet delivery ratio and increases the end-to-end delay. We propose a novel protocol which provides an efficient route discovery technique along with a competent Three Fish algorithm. This is based on understanding the neighbouring clusters and efficiently using this information to reduce the routing overhead in CEAACK MANETs. The proposed protocol is used to determine the forwarding order and exploit the neighbour coverage knowledge more effectively. The novel distributed routing protocol guarantees security, anonymity and high reliability of the established route in a hostile environment, such as an ad hoc wireless network, by encrypting the routing packet header and abstaining from using unreliable intermediate nodes. The major objective of our protocol is to allow trustworthy intermediate nodes to participate in the path construction protocol without jeopardizing the anonymity of the communicating nodes. An enhanced three fish Algorithm is used to ensure the safety of the data during a transmission by using a unique key during the encryption and decryption process. We describe our protocol, STFDR (Secure Three Fish Distributed Routing), and provide its proof of correctness.

Design of a proficient hybrid protocol for efficient route discovery and secure data transmission in CEAACK MANETs

CEAACK MANETs are vulnerable to attacks and this can be reduced by employing a cluster mechanism which ensures that packet transmission occurs without unnecessary delay. Clustering can be made effective in CEAACK MANETs by opting for a cluster head mechanism which ensures that control rests with a single powerful node within a cluster. This cluster head takes on the responsibility of routing the packets efficiently by coordinating with the base station. Cluster heads are also prone to malicious attacks and is affected more than a normal network. In this paper we try to incorporate a new approach in CEAACK MANETs by implementing a cryptographic technique to tackle the vulnerabilities of the network. This cryptographic is highly secure which uses a distinct classified digital key which can be generated dynamically using the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) Algorithm. This technique can ensure that data is securely transmitted in a reliable manner. This scheme aims at transmission efficiency and also tries to reduce the intrudes in CEAACK MANETs.

A reliable and secure data transmission in CEAACK MANETs using Distinct Dynamic Key with classified Digital Signature Cryptographic Algorithm

VANETs are vehicular ad hoc networks where vehicles are the transmitting nodes. The radio channels through which these nodes send messages are valuable resources which need to be used diligently. These resources need to be shared fairly among all. To facilitate equal sharing of the radio channels cognitive radio is used. Cognitive radio is capable of sensing the channels and utilizing them. Spectrum sensing is an essential part of cognitive radio which helps in identifying the free channels and allocate them to the nodes who want to use these channels. In this paper we have analyzed the performance of three essential spectrum sensing techniques, namely, cooperative spectrum sensing, distributive spectrum sensing and fuzzy distributed spectrum sensing. We have compared these spectrum sensing techniques to determine their efficiency‥ We have done this by comparing their efficiency to locate free channels, speed and mode of operation. We have also recorded our findings and illustrated those using graphs.

Performance analysis of spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio based vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET)

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Design of a proficient hybrid protocol for efficient route discovery and secure data transmission in CEAACK MANETs

A reliable and secure data transmission in CEAACK MANETs using Distinct Dynamic Key with classified Digital Signature Cryptographic Algorithm

Performance analysis of spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio based vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET)